Cognitive reserve in patients with first-episode psychosis as outcome predictor at 5-year follow-up
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Cognitive reserve in patients with first‑episode psychosis as outcome predictor at 5‑year follow‑up Patricia Camprodon‑Boadas1,2 · Elena de la Serna1,3 · Inmaculada Baeza1,3,4,5 · Olga Puig1,3 · Daniel Ilzarbe1,4 · Gisela Sugranyes1,3,4 · Roger Borras4 · Josefina Castro‑Fornieles1,3,4,5 Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) is the premorbid brain capacity to cope with neural damage. People with good CR can tolerate higher levels of pathological brain injuries before displaying clinical symptoms than others. This study aimed to analyze CR in a sample of patients diagnosed with first-episode psychosis (FEP) during childhood or adolescence, comparing them to a community control group (CC) and assessing the predictive value of CR regarding psychosocial functioning, clinical symptoms and neuropsychological variables at the 5-year follow-up. 57 patients diagnosed with FEP during childhood or adolescence and 37 controls completed clinical, neuropsychological, and psychosocial functioning assessments at baseline and 5-year follow-up. CR was assessed in both groups at baseline. The FEP group showed lower CR scores than the CC group. Higher CR in the FEP group was associated with fewer psychotic negative symptoms, total psychotic symptoms and depressive symptoms, higher psychosocial functioning, and less impaired memory and attention at the 5-year follow-up. CR is associated with long-term clinical, neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning outcomes in patients diagnosed with FEP during childhood or adolescence. Keywords Cognitive reserve · Neuropsychology · Psychotic disorders · Follow-up studies
Introduction Cognitive reserve (CR) is the premorbid individual brain capacity to cope with neural damage and is one of the factors that enable people to deal with brain damage or degeneration Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01668-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Josefina Castro‑Fornieles [email protected] 1
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
2
Fundació Clínic Per a La Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
3
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
4
Institut D´Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
5
Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
[1]. Some studies have shown that determined people with good CR are able to tolerate higher levels of pathological brain injuries before displaying clinical symptoms than others [2]. It has been hypothesized that this occurs due to more efficient and flexible utilization of brain networks in subjects with higher CR [1, 3–5]. In aging, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, it has been reported that
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