Collagen and Other Proteins of the Nucleus Pulposus, Annulus Fibrosus, and Cartilage End Plates
Characterized by the presence of at least one triple-helical domain, members of the collagen family are the most abundant proteins in the animal kingdom. From a phylogenetic perspective, while the triple-helical domain is present in bacteria and fungi and
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Collagen and Other Proteins of the Nucleus Pulposus, Annulus Fibrosus, and Cartilage End Plates Fackson Mwale
Contents 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2
Introduction ..................................................................... Evolutionary Considerations ............................................. Brief Overview of the Anatomical Characteristics of the Intervertebral Disc ..................................................
79 79
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3
Protein Composition of the Intervertebral Discs ......... Collagenous Protein Structure .......................................... Classification of Collagens................................................ Other Matrix Molecules ....................................................
80 80 82 84
5.3 5.3.1
Biosynthesis of Collagen Proteins .................................. Intracellular Processing and Posttranslational Modifications .................................. Chaperone-Assisted Folding of Individual Chains into a Triple-Helical Structure .......................................... Mechanisms of Collagen Chain Selection, Intracellular Transport, and Secretion ...............................
85
5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2
Extracellular Processing of Collagens/Procollagens ............................................... Enzymes Involved in Processing of Procollagens............. Procollagen N and Procollagen C Proteinases ..................
85 85 85 87 87 87 87 87
88 88
5.6.3
Collagen Fibril–Cell Interactions .................................. Collagen–Integrin Binding ................................................ Collagen–Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR) Binding.................................................................. Integrin-Dependent and DDR-Dependent Signaling ........
5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2
Homeostasis of Collagenous Matrices ........................... Degeneration of Collagenous Matrices ............................. Regulation of Collagen Expression...................................
88 88 88
5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2
Collagen-Related Diseases .............................................. Hereditary Disorders ......................................................... Other Collagen-Related Diseases......................................
88 88 89
5.9
Summary of Critical Concepts Discussed in the Chapter ..................................................................
89
References ......................................................................................
90
79
Self-Assembly of Collagen Fibrils.................................. Homotypic Collagen–Collagen Interactions ..................... Heterotypic Collagen–Collagen and Collagen–Other Molecules ......................................... Fibril Formation ................................................................ Cross-Link Formation .......................................................
5.5.3 5.5.4
5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2
87 87 87
88 88
5.1
Introduction
5.1.1
Evolutionary Considerations
Characterized by the presence of at least one triple-helical domain, memb
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