Combinatorial and Synthetic Biosynthesis in Actinomycetes
Bioactive microbial metabolites represent powerful tools against both acute and degenerative diseases (96). One of the most significant fractions within these physiological active compounds is represented by the polyketides. Their pharmaceutical use takes
- PDF / 1,294,055 Bytes
- 27 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 112 Downloads / 189 Views
Contents 1. 2.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Synthetic Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 2.1. Achievements in Combinatorial Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 2.2. Challenges for Combinatorial Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 2.3. Synthetic Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
1. Introduction Bioactive microbial metabolites represent powerful tools against both acute and degenerative diseases (96). One of the most significant fractions within these physiological active compounds is represented by the polyketides. Their pharmaceutical use takes place in a variety of applications including antibacterials, immunosuppressants, anticancer agents, antifungal drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, and products against animal diseases. It is difficult to estimate the magnitude of their advantages, but the utility of natural products as sources of novel structures still possesses great potential. Thus, in the area of cancer, in the time frame from around the 1940s to 2006, over 155 small molecules were introduced, of which 73% were other than “synthetics”, with 47% being either natural products or directly derived there from (28). The overuse of antibiotics has caused bacteria to become resistant to common drugs. Multiple antibiotic-resistance has emerged as one of the top public health issues worldwide in the last few decades and has focused attention on the need of new antibiotics (116). Many natural products isolated from M. Luzhetska, J. H€arle, and A. Bechthold (*) Institut f€ur Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl f€ ur Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universit€at Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
A.D. Kinghorn et al. (eds.), Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 93, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0140-7_3, # Springer-Verlag/Wien 2010
211
212
M. Luzhetska et al.
microorganisms or plants are growing in environmental niches (41, 54). Also marine niches have been explored and revealed new bioactive compounds (13). It seems that natural products are finely tuned for interacting with biological systems and receptor molecules. They are the result of billions of years of evolution and far surpass anything yet created by humans. For this reason they represent a superior source of drug candidates or biologically active lead compounds.
Data Loading...
