Combined addition of chemical and organic amendments enhances plant resistance to aboveground herbivores through increas
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Combined addition of chemical and organic amendments enhances plant resistance to aboveground herbivores through increasing microbial abundance and diversity Linhui Jiang 1,2 & Michael Bonkowski 3 & Ling Luo 1,2 & Paul Kardol 4 & Yu Zhang 1,2 & Xiaoyun Chen 1,2 & Daming Li 5 & Zhenggao Xiao 1,2 & Feng Hu 1,2 & Manqiang Liu 1,2 Received: 24 February 2020 / Revised: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Two greenhouse experiments using soils from long-term field plots were carried out to test whether and how soil factors modulated by organic amendments feed back to rice plant growth and defense against an aboveground herbivore, the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Using factorial combinations of sterilized soil and soil inocula obtained from chemically amended plots (i.e., control treatment) or chemically plus organically amended plots (i.e., organic treatment), we disentangled the effects of biotic and abiotic soil properties on plant and planthopper performance. We found that, compared with abiotic soil properties, soil biological factors were the main drivers in regulating plant growth performance. Specifically, soil biota that are shaped by the organic treatment had high microbial abundance and diversity and enhanced rice plant tolerance (i.e., increasing plant total biomass) and resistance (i.e., decreasing amino acid and sugar concentrations) to planthoppers. Moreover, the organic treatment simultaneously increased plant growth and defense against planthoppers, which could be explained by high soil nutrient availability driven by soil biota. Our results demonstrate the importance of synergistic effects of soil biota and soil abiotic factors on plant growth and resistance to herbivory. These findings are important for better understanding the mechanisms and impacts of ecological intensification as well as the potential of steering soil communities to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and further optimize crop production. Keywords Organic amendment . Soil biodiversity . Sustainable agriculture . Above- and belowground . Herbivore . Plant defense
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01473-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Manqiang Liu [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
3
Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
4
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
5
Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil, Nanchang 331717, China
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