Combined Effect on Immune and Nervous System of Aluminum Nanoparticles
Aluminum is believed to be a neurotoxicant for a lot of years and thought to be related with Alzheimer’s disease. In recent decades, aluminum nanoparticles have been utilized widely in many fields, and their potential adverse effect on health drew great c
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Combined Effect on Immune and Nervous System of Aluminum Nanoparticles Qiao Niu and Qinli Zhang
Abstract Aluminum is believed to be a neurotoxicant for a lot of years and thought to be related with Alzheimer’s disease. In recent decades, aluminum nanoparticles have been utilized widely in many fields, and their potential adverse effect on health drew great concern. Al2O3 nanoparticles (ANPs) can be inhaled more deeply into the respiratory system, and translocated into the bloodstream to induce immunotoxicity and into the central nervous system to induce neurotoxicity, of which the possible mechanisms are summarized in this chapter. ANPs may induce pneumocyte apoptosis by triggering oxidative stress and inhibit or activate activity of cytokines, and the immunotoxicity induced by nanoalumina (Nano-Al) particles was higher than that of macro-sized alumina particles. Besides though blood compartment by which ANPs damage the blood-brain barrier, ANPs may enter into the central nervous system through the olfactory nerve. ANPs impair behavioral performance of model organisms and rodents. ANPs may induce neural cell death by triggering apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, complicate cell signal transmission pathways, and promote Aβ deposit and degeneration. Keywords Alumina nanoparticle • Immunotoxicity • Oxidative stress • Neurotoxicity • Cell death • Signal pathway
Q. Niu (*) Occupational Health Department, Public Health School, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxy, Taiyuan 030001, China e-mail: [email protected] Q. Zhang Shanxi medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 T. Otsuki et al. (eds.), Allergy and Immunotoxicology in Occupational Health, Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0351-6_9
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Wide Utilization of Aluminum Nanoparticles and Concern on Their Toxicity Toxicity of Aluminum
Aluminum is a very abundant metal element in the environment, comprising 8 % of the earth’s crust and standing at third position in richness as elements. It is used extensively in many fields of modern life, such as industry, medicine, food, transportation, and living utensil, and may enter the human body from the environment via air, diet, drinking water, food, cosmetic, or medication. Concerns about aluminum toxicity have persisted since the demonstration as a potential neurotoxicant by Doellken more than 100 years ago [1]. This initial finding led to the extensive studies on increment of aluminum concentrations, senile plaque, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain tissues of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [2, 3]. Various mechanisms have been proposed for aluminum-induced neurotoxicity, including free-radical damage via enhanced lipid peroxidation and impaired glucose metabolism, disturbed signal transduction and protein modification, alterations in the axonal transport, and abnormal phosphorylation level of neurofilaments [4–6]. Aluminum is relatively stable in the form of alumina (alumin
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