Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions
Arctic communities are experiencing global, societal and economic pressures coupled with additional environmental changes. The comparison of local and indigenous observations with instrumental records clearly illustrates how Arctic communities, both now a
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Grete K. Hovelsrud Barry Smit Editors
Community Adaptation and Vulnerability
Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions 1 23
Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions
Grete K. Hovelsrud
l
Barry Smit
Editors
Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions
13
Editors Grete K. Hovelsrud Center for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo CICERO 0318 Oslo Norway [email protected]
Barry Smit University of Guelph Department of Geography Stone Road East 50 N1G 2W1 Guelph Canada [email protected]
This book is published as part of the International Polar Year 2007–2008, which is sponsored by the International Council for Sciences (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
ISBN 978-90-481-9173-4 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9174-1 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9174-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932511 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to Bob Corell for paving the way, for his never-ending inspiration and support, and for his unique ability to include us all, across cultural and scientific backgrounds.
Preface
The ‘Year’ That Changed How We View the North This book is about a new theoretical approach that transformed the field of Arctic social studies and about a program called International Polar Year 2007–2008 (IPY) that altered the position of social research within the broader polar science. The concept for IPY was developed in 2003–2005; its vision was for researchers from many nations to work together to gain crossdisciplinary insight into planetary processes, to explore and increase our understanding of the polar regions, the Arctic and Antarctica, and of their roles in the global system. IPY 2007–2008, the fourth program of its kind, followed in the footsteps of its predecessors, the first IPY in 1882–1883, the second IPY in 1932–1933, and the third IPY (later renamed to ‘International Geophysical Year’ or IGY) in 1957–1958. All earlier IPY/IGY have been primarily geophysical initiatives, with their focus on meteorology, atmospheric and geomagnetic observations, and with additional emphasis on glaciology and sea ice circulation. As such, they excluded socio-economic disciplines and polar indigenous people, often deliberately, except for limited ethnographic and natural history collection work conducted by some expeditions of the first IPY. That once dominant vision biased heavily towards geophysics, oceanography, and ice-sheets, left little if any place fo
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