Community Intervention Clinical Sociology Perspectives

Community Intervention: Clinical Sociology Perspectives showcases important efforts to improve the quality of life in communities around the world. The book, a project of the clinical sociology division of the International Sociological Association, descr

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Jan Marie Fritz • Jacques Rhéaume Editors

Community Intervention Clinical Sociology Perspectives

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Editors Jan Marie Fritz University of Cincinnati and University of Johannesburg Cincinnati, Ohio, USA and Johannesburg, South Africa

Jacques Rhéaume Université du Québec a Montréal Montréal Québec Canada

ISSN 1566-7847 ISBN 978-1-4939-0997-1      ISBN 978-1-4939-0998-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0998-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014940062 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Streets and Community

Thomas Nast (1840–1902) is “often spoken of as the first great American catoonist” (Murrell and Chipman, 1936, p. 472). United States (U.S.) President Ulysses S. Grant declared that Nast, as a political cartoonist, “did as much as any one man to preserve the Union and bring the (U.S. Civil) War to an end” (Paine, 1904, p. 106; Reaves, 1987, p. 61). Nast is known for his wood engravings that depicted political dilemmas such as the corruption of elected officials in New York City, popularized the donkey and the elephant as symbols of the two main political parties in the U.S., and gave us our modern drawing of Santa Claus. Nast also captured other s