Comparative Analysis of Soil Temperature in the O Horizon on Two Variously Degraded Sites of the Technogenic Ecosystem o
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ADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
Comparative Analysis of Soil Temperature in the O Horizon on Two Variously Degraded Sites of the Technogenic Ecosystem of Nickel Industrial Complex (Kola Peninsula) G. M. Kashulinaa, *, T. I. Litvinovaa, and N. M. Korobeinikovaa aPolar-Alpine
Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received February 10, 2020; revised March 13, 2020; accepted March 18, 2020
Abstract—Soil temperature was measured in the O horizon of Albic Podzol on two sites of strongly contaminated and damaged ecosystem from September 22 to July 10 in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. The ecosystem is located 8 km to the north of the Severonikel industrial complex (the Kola Peninsula), the largest source of emissions of SO2 and heavy metals in Northern Europe. The aim of the study was to compare temperature regimes of technogenic barren soil without vegetation, which predominates in the ecosystem, and under a small group of depressed crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum) developing in the area in response to a decrease in the emissions from the Severonikel industrial complex. The results attest to significant differences between temperature parameters of the two sites. The soil under crowberry was characterized by significantly smaller temperature fluctuations during the entire period of observations and in the daily cycle. In autumn, the dwarf shrub maintained soil temperatures above zero for a longer period and mitigated first night freezing. Because of the dark color of the degrading O horizon of technogenic barren, this soil was characterized by higher daytime and mean daily temperatures in summer. In autumn, before the formation of a permanent snow cover, the soil of the barren site was subjected to stronger freezing in response to sharp decrease in the air temperature. Thus, even a depressed ground vegetation protects the soil from strong temperature fluctuations and ensures more stable conditions for the plant growth. The absence of the ground vegetation results in stronger soil drying in summer and in a sharper decrease in soil temperature in autumn. The soil overheating and strong drying in summer and the soil freezing in autumn can act as stress factors in addition to extreme contamination of the damaged ecosystems near the emission source for the survived trees and their seedlings. Keywords: soil temperature, eroded Albic Podzol, ground cover, technogenic barren, copper–nickel industrial complex DOI: 10.1134/S1064229320090082
INTRODUCTION The copper–nickel industrial complex in the center of the Kola Peninsula (northwest of Russia) is the largest and the most long-operating source of emissions of SO2 and heavy metals in Northern Europe [17, 24]. One of the most obvious adverse effects of emissions from this enterprise consists is the extreme chemical pollution of all surface components of the environment: the atmosphere and precipitation [19], soils [3, 4, 22, 24], and plants [11, 23] by Ni and Cu.
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