Comparative Cardiac Anatomy
The need for appropriate animal models to conduct translational research is vital for advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. The choice of animal model to be employed must be critically evaluated. In this chapter, we present the com
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Alexander J. Hill and Paul A. Iaizzo
Abstract
The need for appropriate animal models to conduct translational research is vital for advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. The choice of animal model to be employed must be critically evaluated. In this chapter, we present the comparative cardiac anatomies of several of the commonly employed animal models for preclinical research (dog, pig, and sheep). General comparisons focus on several specific anatomical features: the atria, ventricles, valves, coronary system, lymphatics, and the conduction system. Finally, we present novel qualitative and quantitative data obtained from perfusionfixed specimens of these commonly used animal models. Keywords
Comparative anatomy • Human • Sheep • Dog • Pig • Heart • Cardiac
6.1
Historical Perspective of Anatomy and Animal Research
Anatomy is one of the oldest branches of medicine, with historical records dating back at least as far as the third century BC; animal research dates back equally as far. More specifically, Aristotle (384–322 BC) studied comparative animal anatomy and physiology, and Erasistratus of Ceos (304–258 BC) studied live animal anatomy and physiology [1]. Galen of Pergamum (129–199 AD) is probably the most notable early anatomist who used animals in research in which he attempted to understand the normal structure and function of the body [2]. He continuously stressed the centrality of anatA.J. Hill, PhD Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, B 172 Mayo, MMC 107, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Medtronic, 8200 Coral Sea Street NE, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA P.A. Iaizzo, PhD (*) Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, B 172 Mayo, MMC 107, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA e-mail: [email protected]
omy and made an attempt to dissect every day, as he felt it was critical to learning [3]. His most notable work was De Anatomicis Administrationibus (On Anatomical Procedures) which, when rediscovered in the sixteenth century, renewed interest in anatomy and scientific methods [2]. The Renaissance was a period of great scientific discovery and included important advances in our understanding of human and animal anatomy. Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564 AD) was arguably the greatest anatomist of the era [4]. To teach anatomy, he performed public nonhuman dissections at the University of Padua and is credited with creating the field of modern anatomy [2]. His immediate successors at Padua were Matteo Realdo Colombo (1510–1559 AD) and Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562 AD). It was Colombo who, in great detail, described the pulmonary circulation and both the atrial and ventricular cavities; Falloppio is credited with the discovery of the Fallopian tubes among other things [4]. Animal research flourished during this period due to a number of popular ideas launched by both the Christian Church and one of the prominent scientific leaders at that time, Rene Descartes. The Church asserted that animals were under the dominion of man and, although worthy of resp
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