Comparative Constitutional Engineering An Inquiry into Structures, I
]At a time of rapid change in Central and Eastern Europe, there is widespread interest in alternative forms of market economy. Is it possible to combine the best features of capitalism with the best features of socialism? The first part of the volume exam
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Also by Giovanni Sartori A TEORIA DE REPRESENTACAO NO ESTADO REPRESENTATIVO MODERNO LA COMPARAZIONE NELLE SCIENZE SOCIAL! (editor with Leonardo Morlino) CORRENTI, FRAZIONI E FAZIONE NEI PARTITI POLITIC! ITALIAN! (editor) DEMOCRATIC THEORY DEMOCRAZIA E DEFINIZIONI ELEMENT! DI TEORIA POLITICA EUROCOMMUNISM: The Italian Case (editor with Austin Ranney) IL PARLAMENTO ITALIANO 1946-1963 (editor) PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS: A Framework for Analysis LA POLITICA: Logica e Metodo in Scienze Sociali SECONDA REPUBBLICA? SI, MA BENE SOCIAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS: A Systematic Analysis (editor) STATO E POLITICA NEL PENSIERO DIBENEDETTO CROCE TEORIA DEI PARTITI E CASO ITALIANO THE THEORY OF DEMOCRACY REVISITED TOWER OF BABEL: On the Definition and Analysis of Concepts in the Social Sciences (with F. W. Riggs and H. Teune)
CoDlparative Constitutional Engineering An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes
Giovanni Sartori
Prqfissor in 1/u Hu'lfllltlitiu Colum!JU. Uniwrsib' .tflll~rt Smwnt.t~r
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MACMilLAN
©Giovanni Sartori 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1994
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1994 by MACMILlAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-22863-8
ISBN 978-1-349-22861-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-22861-4
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Contents ix
Preface PART ONE: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 1 Majoritarian and Proportional Systems
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
2 Who 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Premises Majority Systems The Majority Premium PR Systems The Double Ballot
Gets Elected? Person Voting and List Voting The German and the Hare Systems Minority Representation and Gerrymandering A Coda on Japan
3 The Importance of Electoral Systems 3.1 How Important? 3.2 The Effects of Electoral Systems: A Discussion 3.3 The Influence of Electoral Systems Restated 3.4 The 'Laws'
4 Choosing an Electoral System 4.1 Assessing Majoritarianism 4.2 Assessing Proportionalism 4.3 Assessing the Double Ballot
4.4
Which is Best? v
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3 5 6 7
11
15
15 18
20 22
27 27 29 32 40 53 53 58 61 69
vi
Contents
PART TWO: PRESIDENTIALISM AND PARLIAMENTARISM
5 PresidentiaUsm 5.1 Defining 'Presidential System' 5.2 The American Prototype 5.3 The Latin American Experience 5.4 Is Parliamentarism a Remedy?
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83 86 91 94
6 Parliamentary Systems 6.1 Types of Parliamentarism 6.2 Power
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