Comparative Study on Soil Microbial Diversity and Structure Under Wastewater and Groundwater Irrigation Conditions
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Comparative Study on Soil Microbial Diversity and Structure Under Wastewater and Groundwater Irrigation Conditions Xiaotao Xu1,2 · Sen Liu3 · Xiwang Zhu1 · Xiaoming Guo1 Received: 22 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Wastewater (WW) irrigation to agricultural soils is one of the most economical and effective water-saving strategies. The effects of WW irrigation on soil microbial communities have gained increasing focus as these effects are not well understood. In this study, the effects of WW and groundwater (GW) irrigation on microbial diversity and structure were compared using the high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rDNA amplicons. Soil samples irrigated by WW for several decades and maize soil (loamy) samples irrigated by GW were collected from Luancheng Town, Shijiazhuang City, China. Compared to the GW groups, WW groups exhibited non-significant soil bacterial community abundance at the 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. WW irrigation significantly altered the bacterial community composition and structures compared to GW irrigation. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes increased in WW irrigated soil, while Actinobacteria decreased. Moreover, 14 significantly abundant biomarkers from Proteobacteria and Firmicutes that corresponded with WW irrigation were identified. Additionally, WW irrigation enriched some KEGG pathways that corresponded with metabolism and human diseases. The physical and chemical properties of WW irrigated soil may shape the compositions and structures of soil bacterial communities. The findings of this study illuminated the effects of wastewater irrigation on microbial characteristics, which is important for estimating the effects of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil environmental health.
Introduction Some regions throughout the world are facing water shortages due to the unbalanced distribution of water resources. More than 60% of the world’s population will have less water per capita than the internationally recognized water cordon (1700 m3/yr per capita) from 2025 to 2030 [1]. To alleviate water scarcity, raw, treated, or reclaimed wastewater (WW) irrigation has been treated to meet irrigation quality standards of available water sources over the years as it is one of the most economical and effective water-saving strategies [2]. Moreover, WW irrigation introduces a Xiaotao Xu and Sen Liu denotes equal contribution. * Xiaoming Guo [email protected] 1
Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
2
Wuzhi Sub-Bureau of Jiaozuo City Ecological Environment Bureau, Wuzhi, China
3
College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
massive amount of nutrients to farmland, which is beneficial for economic crops, saving fertilizer, and reducing costs. Moreover, the history of WW irrigation for agriculture processes has undergone hundreds of years of development in many countries [3]. However, WW irrigation bri
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