Interactions between Hg and soil microbes: microbial diversity and mechanisms, with an emphasis on fungal processes
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MINI-REVIEW
Interactions between Hg and soil microbes: microbial diversity and mechanisms, with an emphasis on fungal processes Alexis Durand 1,2 & François Maillard 1,3 & Julie Foulon 1,4 & Michel Chalot 1,5 Received: 16 March 2020 / Revised: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal with no known biological function, and it can be highly bioavailable in terrestrial ecosystems. Although fungi are important contributors to a number of soil processes including plant nutrient uptake and decomposition, little is known about the effect of Hg on fungi. Fungi accumulate the largest amount of Hg and are the organisms capable of the highest bioaccumulation of Hg. While referring to detailed mechanisms in bacteria, this mini-review emphasizes the progress made recently on this topic and represents the first step towards a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying Hg tolerance and accumulation in fungal species and hence on the role of fungi within the Hg cycle at Hg-contaminated sites. Key points • The fungal communities are more resilient than bacterial communities to Hg exposure. • The exposure to Hg is a threat to microbial soil functions involved in both C and nutrient cycles. • Fungal (hyper)accumulation of Hg may be important for the Hg cycle in terrestrial environments. • Understanding Hg tolerance and accumulation by fungi may lead to new remediation biotechnologies. Keywords Mercury (Hg) . Soil . Fungi . Chronic/acute exposure . Environment . Communities
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10795-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Michel Chalot [email protected] 1
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France
2
Present address: Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, UMR 1120, Université de Lorraine – INRAE, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye BP 20 163, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
3
Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
4
Present address: Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, C.P. 3300, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
5
Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
History of Hg contamination Long before modern science, the trace element (TE) mercury (Hg) was found to be a very special metal because of its particularities. Indeed, Hg found in cinnabar ore (HgS) has specific chromatic properties and can be used as a pigment to apply brilliant red color (vermilion). The first traces of HgS use by humans were discovered during the Neolithic Age (ca. 4000– 3000 BCE) as a preservative for human bones. Moreover, Chinese, Egyptian, Hindu, Roman, or Gr
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