Comparing the effects of anticipatory postural adjustments focused training and balance training on postural preparation
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparing the effects of anticipatory postural adjustments focused training and balance training on postural preparation, balance confidence and quality of life in elderly with history of a fall Hamed Arghavani1 · Vahid Zolaktaf1 · Shahram Lenjannejadian2 Received: 13 May 2019 / Accepted: 18 September 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Background Impairment of postural adjustments in elderly is associated with decreased functional mobility, balance confidence and quality of life. Aims We studied the effects of anticipatory postural adjustments focused training on postural preparation, balance confidence and quality of life of the elderly. Methods It was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. The sample included 60 males with history of falling (at least once in the past 6 months). They were matched and randomly assigned into three groups: perturbation, balance, and no training. The electrical activity of the muscles was measured by electromyography. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale and the SF-36 questionnaire were used to assess balance confidence and quality of life, respectively. Repeatedmeasures ANOVA was used for data analysis (significant level 0.05). Results The type of training had significant interaction effect on muscle latency (F(2, 46) ≥ 71.06, P ≤ 0.001, η2 ≥ 0.75). Compared to the other two groups, perturbation training group showed significantly more improvement in ABC scale (F(2, 46) = 14.94, P ≤ 0.000, η2 ≥ 0.39). It also significantly showed more improvement than no training group in all areas of SF-36 questionnaire, except for mental health (F(2, 46) ≥ 6.56, P ≤ 0.03, η2 ≥ 0.22). Conclusions Our findings support the use of perturbation training, as it reduced the probability of falling (by decreasing muscle latency and increasing posture preparation), improved the balance confidence for daily activities, and improved the quality of life. Keywords Fall prevention · Exercise rehabilitation · Postural adjustments · Electromyography · ABC scale · SF-36
Introduction Prevention and treatment of infectious and chronic degenerative diseases have significantly increased the life expectancy and the population of the elderly [1]. Furthermore, aging is directly associated with reduction in muscle mass, muscle strength, and nervous reactions [2]. They intensify the risk of falling which is one of the causes of disability and inability for the elderly. The fear of repeated falls is one of * Vahid Zolaktaf [email protected] 1
Corrective Exercise and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2
the consequences of falling which is experienced by a large number of the elderly [3]. Although the fear of falling is mostly a psychological problem and not a motor difficulty, it reduces self-imposed functional mobility and activities of daily living (ADL) due to a lack of dynamic self-confidence. Reduction
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