Inspiratory muscle training improves cerebrovascular and postural control responses during orthostatic stress in older w
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Inspiratory muscle training improves cerebrovascular and postural control responses during orthostatic stress in older women Gabriel Dias Rodrigues1,2 · Jonas Lírio Gurgel3 · Iuri dos Santos Galdino1 · Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nóbrega1,2 · Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares1,2 Received: 24 June 2019 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose We aimed to investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on, hemodynamic, cerebrovascular and postural balance responses during orthostatic stress, in older women. Methods Fourteen elderly women were assigned to perform IMT at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (IMT group, n = 8) or placebo training at 5% MIP (Sham group, n = 6), in a counter-balanced order, using an inspiratory threshold device for 4 weeks. During the protocol, MIP was tested weekly once. In a second visit, blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv), and ventilation parameters were recorded continuously at rest and during orthostatic stress testing, which was conducted on a force plate to measure center-of-pressure (COP) oscillations (postural balance) and the electromyographic activity of the right medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Results IMT increased MIP from second to 4th week. The drops in MCAv, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as COP displacements during initial orthostasis decreased post-IMT. Conclusion IMT improves the interplay of the respiratory pump, hemodynamic, cerebrovascular and postural balance responses during orthostatic stress in older women. Keywords Respiratory muscles · Center-of-pressure · Aging · Cardiac output · Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity Abbreviations ANCOVA Analysis of covariance ANOVA Analysis of variance BP Blood pressure BR Breathing rate CO Cardiac output COP Center of pressure Communicated by Massimo Pagani. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04441-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares [email protected] 1
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niteroi, RJ CEP 24210‑130, Brazil
2
INCT (In) Activity and Exercise, CNPq, National Institute for Science and Technology, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
3
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
EMG Electromyography ES Effect size Et Expiratory time FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in one second FVC Forced vital capacity HR Heart rate IMT Inspiratory muscle training It Inspiratory time MBP Mean blood pressure MCAv Middle cerebral artery blood velocity MIP Maximal inspiratory pressure MVC Maximum voluntary contraction ORT Orthostatic stress PetCO2 Expired carbon dioxide pressure SBP Systolic blood pressure SV Stroke volume Ttot Total
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