Comparison of Four Types of Raman Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Determination of Carotenoids in Agricultural Products
Carotenoids are one class of naturally-occurring pigments with antioxidant properties. They can absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis for plants, and act as antioxidants to reduce risk of cancer for human. Carotenoids are confirmed to exist in agr
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Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China 2 National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China {wangqy,huangwq,chenlp}@nercita.org.cn 3 Key Laboratory of Agri-Informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China 5 College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [email protected], [email protected] 6 State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China [email protected]
Abstract. Carotenoids are one class of naturally-occurring pigments with antioxidant properties. They can absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis for plants, and act as antioxidants to reduce risk of cancer for human. Carotenoids are confirmed to exist in agricultural products as the main source for human. Raman spectroscopy is a new technique for determination of carotenoids in agricultural products as it is both noninvasive and rapid. Four types of Raman spectroscopy could be used for contact measurement of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables: (1) Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy; (2) Resonance Raman spectroscopy; (3) Raman microspectroscopy; (4) Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy. The experimental setups, advantages and applications of the above-mentioned Raman spectroscopies are discussed. Keywords: Carotenoids Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy Resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman microspectroscopy Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
1 Introduction Carotenoids are one class of naturally-occurring pigments with antioxidant properties. They have positive effect on the immune system in animals and plants [1]. Most carotenoids cannot be synthesized by human beings directly. They widely exist in agricultural products such as tomatoes, watermelons, grapes and carrots. All carotenoids are © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016 Published by Springer International Publishing AG 2016. All Rights Reserved D. Li and Z. Li (Eds.): CCTA 2015, Part II, IFIP AICT 479, pp. 237–247, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48354-2_25
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produced from eight isoprene molecules and contain forty carbon atoms [2]. The best known carotenoids include lycopene and beta-carotene which is the vitamin A precursor. They all belong to the class of carotene which contains only carbon and hydrogen and no oxygen. There is another class called xanthophyll which contains oxygen such as lutein, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin. Carotenoids as natural pigments also contribute to the plants color when chlorophyll is not present [3]. That means carotenoids abound in ripe fruits and vegetables with the color of yellows, reds, or oranges [4]. At present, chromatography and spectroscopy are two common methods applied to determinate carotenoids in agricultural products [5–9]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the
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