Comparison of the effect of argon, hydrogen, and nitrogen gases on the reduced graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite nanocomposi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
BMC Chemistry Open Access
Comparison of the effect of argon, hydrogen, and nitrogen gases on the reduced graphene oxide‑hydroxyapatite nanocomposites characteristics Hassan Nosrati1* , Rasoul Sarraf‑Mamoory1, Arman Karimi Behnagh2, Reza Zolfaghari Emameh3, Amir Aidun4,5, Dang Quang Svend Le6, Maria Canillas Perez7 and Cody Eric Bünger6
Abstract In this study, the effect of the argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen gases on the final properties of the reduced graphene oxide- hydroxyapatite nanocomposites synthesized by gas injected hydrothermal method was investigated. Four samples were synthesized, which in the first sample the pressure was controlled by volume change at a constant concentration. In subsequent samples, the pressure inside the autoclave was adjusted by the injecting gases. The initial pressure of the injected gases was 10 bar and the final pressure considered was 25 bar. The synthesized pow‑ ders were consolidated at 950 °C and 2 MPa by spark plasma sintering method. The final samples were subjected to Vickers indentation analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the injection of argon, hydrogen, and nitrogen gases improved the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Injection of gases increased the crystallinity and particle size of hydroxyapatite, and this increase was greater for nitrogen gas than for others. Injection of these gases increased the rate of graphene oxide reduction and in this case the effect of nitrogen gas was greater than the others. Keywords: Argon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Graphene, Hydroxyapatite, Nanocomposite Introduction Calcium phosphates have been widely used in the medical field. Members of this family include hydroxyapatite (HA), Tetracalcium phosphate (TeCP), α- Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), β- Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), and octacalcium phosphate (OCP). Among these bioceramics, HA is less soluble in the biological environment and therefore suitable for orthopedic applications as an implant [1, 2]. HA is synthesized in a variety of ways, including combustion
*Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
preparation, solid-state reaction, electrochemical deposition, sol–gel, hydrolysis, precipitation, sputtering, multiple emulsion, biomimetic deposition, solvothermal method, and hydrothermal process [3–15]. The variety of methods has made it possible to synthesize these ceramics in various forms such as rods, wires, ribbons, and tubes [16–21]. HA (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) has unique biomaterial properties such as resemblance to bone mineral, biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity, non-immunogenicity, and non-toxicity. But still, it has poor mechanical properties such as intrinsic brittleness, low fracture toughness (fracture toughness of 0.28–1.08 MPa.m0.5), poor tensile strength, and weak wear resistance which have limit
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