The Effect of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Functionalized with Metal Nanoparticles on Dermal, Bacterial, and Ca
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The Effect of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Functionalized with Metal Nanoparticles on Dermal, Bacterial, and Cancerous/Non-Cancerous Epidermal Cells Rebecca Isseroff 1, 2, Arthur Chen 1, Jae Cho 3, Marcia Simon 2, Luckner J. Jerome 4, Miriam Rafailovich 2 1. Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, NY, USA. 2. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 3. Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. 4. Suffolk County Community College, Selden, NY, USA ABSTRACT The unique planar structures and high surface area of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has induced great interest as drug delivery platforms. Silver and platinum nanoparticles are used in medicine, biotechnology and cosmetics and have electrocatalytic properties. However, GO has been found to be toxic to a variety of cells; pure graphene is insoluble; and nanoparticles aggregate, diminishing their activity. This research functionalized GO and rGO with silver or platinum nanoparticles (Ag/PtNPs) and experimental solutions were then tested on bacteria, dermal fibroblasts (DFBC’s), and cancerous (SCC13’s) and noncancerous (DO33’s) epidermal cells to determine toxicity and/or cell viability. GO was functionalized with Ag or Pt salts, forming metalized-GO; then reduced with NaBH4. Ag-rGO, depending on nanoparticle size, killed either S. Aureus or K. Pneumoniae, while Pt-rGO and rGO had no effect. 1mM Ag-prGO concentrations diluted 1:100 with DMEM was toxic to SCC13 cancerous keratinocytes but showed reduced toxicity to DO33 noncancerous keratinocytes; whereas Pt-rGO and rGO exerted little effect on SCC13’s and DO33’s at all concentrations. All test solutions adhered to DFBC’s and influenced the orientation of their growth, suggesting potential use in wound dressings to aid healing. INTRODUCTION The roles of graphene and metal nanoparticles have become increasingly significant because of their unique mechanical, optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and catalytic properties. In the field of nanomedicine, graphene oxide and graphene’s unique planar structures and large surface area offer an excellent capability to immobilize a large number of substances, including metals [1], drugs [2], biomolecules [3], fluorescent probes, and cells with a loading ratio (weight ratio of loaded drug to carriers) that could reach 200% [4]. Silver and platinum nanoparticles are of particular interest because of their use in medicine, biotechnology and cosmetics [5]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), used extensively in healthcare because of their strong antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal activity, are utilized as anti-pathogenic additives in products such as wound dressings, surgical instruments, cosmetics and cloths [6]. However, there are still numerous challenges associated with both graphene and Ag/PtNPs, respectively. Chemical synthesis of graphene and graphene oxide could result in impurities, including residues from permanganates, nitrates, sulfates, peroxide, hydrazine, and borohydrates which could have negative biological
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