Comparison of topological, empirical and optimization-based approaches for locating quality detection points in water di
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ENERGY, WATER AND WASTE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS: MANAGEMENT AND VALORIZATION WITH A VIEW TO SUSTAINABILITY
Comparison of topological, empirical and optimization-based approaches for locating quality detection points in water distribution networks Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso 1 & Armando Di Nardo 1,2 & Enrico Creaco 3 & Dino Musmarra 1 & Roberto Greco 1 Received: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The positioning of quality detection points as well as the frequency of sampling is a crucial aspect for the implementation of Water Safety Plans (WSPs), which have been proposed worldwide to ensure water quality and to minimize the risk from contamination in water distribution networks (WDNs). In this regard, some international legislations and best practices about quality of drinking water suggest very fine sampling frequencies, but they do not specify where the detection points should be located in a WDN. In this paper, three different approaches, based on empiricism, optimization and topology, respectively, were applied to locate detection quality points in a WDN. The comparison highlighted that empirical approach commonly adopted by water utility practitioners is unsatisfactory. The optimization-based approach, although performing significantly better, is difficult to apply, since it requires a calibrated hydraulic model. The topological approach, based on the use of the betweenness centrality and not requiring any hydraulic information and simulation, proves to be effective, and it can be easily adopted by water utilities to identify the location for quality detection points, due to its simplicity compared with the optimization-based approach. Keywords Water quality . Water safety plan . Complex network theory . Water quality detection . Sensor positioning . Water protection
Introduction Water distribution networks (WDNs) are among the most important critical infrastructures of modern society, because their security is a priority issue for public health. They represent the final component of a more complex water system that consists of numerous distribution pipes and nodes, with many devices such as pumping stations, storage tanks, valves, etc. However, WDNs have several vulnerabilities to a large variety of threats Editorial Responsibility: Philippe Garrigues * Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso [email protected] 1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
2
Istituto Studi Complessi, CNR, Rome, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
(physical, chemical and biological), which may put the quality and safety of supplied water at risk (Mays 2004). Indeed, physical disruption of supply system (e.g. breaking of main pipes, failure of pumping station) can interrupt the service for many users, while spreading of chemical or biological agents can cause diseases or death, with a great impact on users’ health and safety. Several authors
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