Complex formation by bismuth and boron with fullerene (C 60 ): A reaction that opens up a novel route for synthesis of C
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B. Pradhan and T. Kundu Department of Physics, IIT-Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India (Received 16 September 2004; accepted 23 November 2004)
A dark red colored composite of C60 and (zinc, bismuth) borate glass was synthesized by solid-state reaction between C60 and frits of the glass at 650–700 oC in an argon atmosphere completely free from oxygen and moisture. An unusual change in color and the absorption spectrum of the glass upon composite formation with C60 indicated that the incorporated C60 underwent some sort of interaction with the glass. Such fullerene molecules bonded to relatively smaller units of bismuth-boron network, were extracted out by eluting a powdered sample with toluene. The composite itself and the toluene extract there of, were then characterized by ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared, infrared, and mass spectral studies. The results showed that the bismuth ions of the bismuth-boron network were bonded with the C60 cages through direct donation of their lone pair of electrons to the latter. The phenomenon of addition of boron to C60 via an “oxygen bridge,” which was observed in our earlier work, was also detected in this case. Studies on the nonlinear optical properties of the composite exhibited a moderate value of third order nonlinear susceptibility (3) (1.5 × 10−11 esu) and optical limiting properties of the composite. The result showed that the material had the prospect of being used in nonlinear optical devices.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fullerene C60 has many interesting optical and optoelectronic properties,1–9 and for this reason it has drawn much attention of physicists, chemists, and materials scientists. For practical application of any of its useful properties in a solid state device it is necessary to incorporate C60 in a suitable solid host. There are, however, some earlier reports2–9 of preparing polymer–C60 and sol-gel glass–C60 composites. In most of these cases, the incorporated C60 is not fully protected from degradation, and the maximum possible level of doping of C60 is also not very high. In one of our earlier works we developed a stable photosensitive phosphate glass–C60 composite.9 However, as in the other cases, the maximum possible doping level of C60 concentration is limited. Considering the fact that the pyracylene double bonds of buckminster fullerene (C60) behave more like super
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Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2005.0173 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 20, No. 5, May 2005
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alkenes10,11,15,17 than super-aromatic and its addition reactions10–16,18–22 with different adducts take place via opening of its pyracylene bonds, we explored in this work, the possibility of such addition reactions of C60 with bismuth and boron to develop a (zinc, bismuth) borate glass–C60 composite. A series of bismuth and boron related addition complexes of fullerene (C60) was actually been detected in such composites, which were found to be instrumental in holding large concentration of C60 in the s
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