Complexity and compression efficiency assessment of 3D-HEVC encoder
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Complexity and compression efficiency assessment of 3D-HEVC encoder Mário Saldanha 1 & Ruhan Conceição 1 & Vladimir Afonso 2 & Giovanni Avila 1 & Altamiro Susin 1 & Marcelo Porto 1 & Bruno Zatt 1 & Guilherme Correa 1 & Luciano Agostini 1 Received: 3 July 2019 / Revised: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
This paper presents a complexity and compression efficiency assessment of the 3D-High Efficiency Video Coding (3D-HEVC) encoder. An experimental evaluation was carried out to identify the encoding tools with the highest impact on the computational complexity of 3D-HEVC. The evaluated tools were firstly divided into three categories: HEVC, multiview, and depth maps tools. Thus, incremental analyses with a set of 28 encoder configurations were performed to point out the compression efficiency and the computational complexity of each encoding tool individually. Experimental results demonstrated different compression-complexity operation points for the 3D-HTM reference software, providing relevant information for the implementation of 3D-HEVC encoders with different tradeoff possibilities between compression efficiency and complexity. The obtained results also allowed identifying encoding tools that can be further optimized in future works. Keywords 3D-HEVC . HEVC . Video coding . Performanceanalysis . Computational complexity
1 Introduction 3D-High Video Coding (3D-HEVC) [1, 2] is an extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [3] and is the current state-of-the-art video coding standard for 3D videos. 3D-HEVC was developed and finalized in 2015 by the Joint Collaborative Team on 3D Video Coding Extension Development (JCT-3 V), formed by experts from ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG standardization bodies [2]. In addition to 3D-HEVC, JCT-3 V has also developed and finalized in 2014 the Multiview HEVC (MV-HEVC) extension [2], which focuses on
* Mário Saldanha [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Multimedia Tools and Applications
efficiently encoding multiview videos and achieves higher compression rates in comparison to simulcast by exploiting redundancy between different views of the same scene [2]. 3D video technology allows the users to enjoy a visual experience and an immersion with depth perception of the scene, bringing an experience that goes beyond 2D videos. This way, 3D video technologies attract crescent attention from the entrainment industry, leading to investment in 3Dmovies, virtual reality, free-viewpoint television (FTV), augmented reality, mixed reality, etc. Both MV-HEVC and 3D-HEVC extensions are based on multiview/3D technology. However, the main innovation of 3D-HEVC to achieve higher compression rates is the adoption of the Multiview plus Depth (MVD) data format [4], in which each texture picture (conventional pictures displayed for viewers) is associated with a depth map. These depth maps can be represented as grayscale images, where sample values
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