Comprehensive reutilization of iron in iron ore tailings: preparation and characterization of magnetic flocculants
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comprehensive reutilization of iron in iron ore tailings: preparation and characterization of magnetic flocculants Yunyi Li 1
&
Xiaoyu Tian 1 & Xiao He 2 & Yangsheng Liu 2 & Jiangyu Ye 1 & Yunmei Wei 1
Received: 7 December 2019 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A large number of iron ore tailings (IOTs) are produced in steel industry, posing threat to the environment during its storage and disposal. To effectively reutilize Fe in IOTs, we propose a comprehensive utilization scheme: (1) most Fe in IOTs is extracted by concentrated hydrochloric acid to form FeCl3 flocculants; (2) after separation from the FeCl3 flocculants, a small amount of Fe is absorbed on the residue solids, which is further washed out to synthesize micron Fe3O4 as magnetic seeds. Results show that the as-synthetic FeCl3 flocculants meet the product standard for FeCl3 flocculants in China (GB/T 4482-2018) after a series of treatments including rotary evaporation, neutralization, and dilution and have comparable performance with commercial polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC). Moreover, the addition of synthetic superparamagnetic Fe3O4 (as magnetic seeds) doubled the flocculation rate compared with as-synthetic FeCl3 flocculants alone. Finally, the reutilization of Fe in IOTs can create a direct economic value of ¥ 1.27/kg IOTs, and produce 745 g high-silicon residues for further reutilization, which indicates that our comprehensive utilization scheme is of great application potential. Keywords IOTs . Reutilization . Magnetic flocculation . Acid extraction . Magnetic seeds
Introduction The steel industry plays an important role in developing countries such as China. Despite its benefits, large quantities of iron ore tailings (IOTs) are generated as byproducts during the processing of steel (Yao et al. 2015). In China, the total accumulation of IOTs has exceeded 7.5 billion tons (Chen et al.
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09742-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yunyi Li [email protected] * Yangsheng Liu [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
2012), and the annual increment is about 500 million tons (Tang et al. 2019a). Large amounts of IOTs are piled up in tailing dams or landfilled in situ, the problems of which attract wide attention. Tailing dams have high risk of dam break under poor management or extreme weather conditions (Fontes et al. 2019). For example, a break of IOT dam in Anshan (in Liaoning Province, China) caused 13 casualties in 2007 (Yao et al. 2
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