Comprehensive Study of Organic Micro-pollutants in Flooded Paddy Soils in Central Vietnam: Levels, Pollution Pathways an
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Comprehensive Study of Organic Micro‑pollutants in Flooded Paddy Soils in Central Vietnam: Levels, Pollution Pathways and Sources Ha Thu Trinh1 · Hanh Thi Duong2 · Bjarne W. Strobel3 · Giang Truong Le1 Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In order to assess the environmental impacts caused by flood to the paddy field, 940 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were screened in paddy soil samples taken in central Vietnam before and after flooding. The concentration of 166 SVOCs in soil samples ranged from 0.031 to 2241 (mean 89.1) µg kg−1 dry wt. Chemicals originating from household sources showed the highest level, followed by chemicals originating from agriculture. Since untreated domestic wastewater used for agricultural irrigation, organic micro-pollutants in domestic wastewater is the main source of pollutants in paddy soil. However, contamination levels of pollutants in paddy soil after flooding were lower than those before flooding, possibly due to the removal of pollutants by floodwater. As a result, pollution characteristic of pollutants at sampling locations were different before flooding while they became similar after flooding due to the dispersion and elution of organic pollutants from soil into floodwaters. Keywords AIQS-DB · SVOC · Pesticide · Household chemical · Flooded paddy soil Rice cultivation is the main agricultural production in Vietnam with over 46% of agricultural land use for rice. More than 80% of the Vietnamese population has been working in agriculture, and the total rice production reached 45 million tons in 2016. In order to enhance agricultural production, pesticide and fertilizer are applied with pesticide use increased from 100 tons a year in the 1950s (Anh 2002) to 35,000 tons in 2002 and to about 105,000 tons in 2012 (Hoi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02999-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ha Thu Trinh [email protected] * Giang Truong Le [email protected] 1
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
2
Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
3
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsens vej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
et al. 2016). Due to poor cropping practices, pesticides and fertilizers are often overused and enter waterways, which is the main cause of water pollution in rural areas. In addition, because of the geographical characteristics of the central Vietnam, the paddy fields are normally small and interspersed with residential areas, therefore the untreated domestic wastewater is usually directly discharged into the rivers and irrigation canals (Zhou et al. 2007). Vietnam is located in a tropical zone with an average of four storms p
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