Environmental Pollution of Paddy Soils
The paddy field is a unique agro-ecosystem and provides services such as food, nutrient recycling and diverse habitats. However, chemical contamination of paddy soils has degraded the quality of this important ecosystem.This book provides an overview of o
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Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi · Ajit Varma Editors
Environmental Pollution of Paddy Soils
Soil Biology Volume 53
Series Editor Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5138
Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi • Ajit Varma Editors
Environmental Pollution of Paddy Soils
Editors Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi Department of Meteorology COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida, India
ISSN 1613-3382 ISSN 2196-4831 (electronic) Soil Biology ISBN 978-3-319-93670-3 ISBN 978-3-319-93671-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93671-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954502 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
Paddy soils are flooded parcels of arable land used for growing semi-aquatic rice. Rice, a staple food for about one-half of the world’s population, is grown under lowland and upland ecosystems. As lowland rice contributes ~76% of the global rice production, vast tracts of paddy soils exist around the world. Paddy soils’ anaerobic environment brings several chemical changes in the rhizosphere, predominant being changes in redox potential (Eh) and pH; Eh has an impact on redox-sensitive constituents, like oxygen (O2), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and carbon (C). Exclusion of O2 from the paddy soil environment leads to increase of carbon dioxide (CO2); reduction of CO2 to methane (CH4); reduction of nitrate (NO3 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) to dinitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
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