Compressive Strength of Notched Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) Aerospace Composite: Influence of Fatigue and Environment
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Compressive Strength of Notched Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) Aerospace Composite: Influence of Fatigue and Environment G. T. Niitsu & C. M. A. Lopes
Received: 17 April 2012 / Accepted: 30 May 2012 / Published online: 24 June 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract The purpose of this work is to evaluate the influences of fatigue and environmental conditions (−55 °C, 23 °C, and 82 °C/Wet) on the ultimate compression strength of notched carbon-fiber-reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) composites by performing open-hole compression (OHC) tests. Analysis of the fatigue effect showed that at temperatures of −55 and 23 °C, the ultimate OHC strengths were higher for fatigued than for not-fatigued specimens; this could be attributed to fiber splitting and delamination during fatigue cycling, which reduces the stress concentration at the hole edge, thus increasing the composite strength. This effect of increasing strength for fatigued specimens was not observed under the 82 °C/Wet conditions, since the test temperature near the matrix glass transition temperature (Tg) together with moisture content resulted in matrix softening, suggesting a reduction in fiber splitting during cycling; similar OHC strengths were verified for fatigued and not-fatigued specimens tested at 82 °C/Wet. Analysis of the temperature effect showed that the ultimate OHC strengths decreased with increasing temperature. A high temperature together with moisture content (82 °C/Wet condition) reduced the composite compressive strengths, since a temperature close to the matrix Tg resulted in matrix softening, which reduced the lateral support provided by the resin to the 0° fibers, leading to fiber instability failure at reduced applied loads. On the other hand, a low temperature (−55 °C) improved the compressive strength because of possible fiber-matrix interfacial strengthening, increasing the fiber contribution to compressive strength. Keywords Fatigue . Environmental conditioning . Residual strength . Thermoplastic composite . Notched laminate 1 Introduction Modern aerospace vehicles have shown remarkable performances, largely as a result of the high-performance materials and manufacturing technologies used for both the airframes and G. T. Niitsu : C. M. A. Lopes (*) Divisão de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Praça Mal.-do-Ar Eduardo Gomes 50, 12228-904 São José dos Campos, São Paulo-SP, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] G. T. Niitsu : C. M. A. Lopes Divisão de Materiais (AMR), Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE), Praça Mal.-do-Ar Eduardo Gomes 50, 12228-904 São José dos Campos, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Appl Compos Mater (2013) 20:375–395
propulsion systems. A commercial aircraft will fly over 60000 h during its 30-year life, with over 20000 flights, and will taxi over 100000 miles. Airframe durability is becoming a greater concern, since the lifetimes of many aircraft, both commercial and military, are being extended far beyond their intended, designed lifetimes. It has been estimated that the
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