Computer Organisation and Architecture An Introduction
This book describes how a computer works and explains how the various hardware components are organized and interconnected to provide a platform upon which programs can be executed. It takes a simple, step-by-step approach suitable for first year undergra
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Computer Organisation and Architecture An Introduction Second Edition B.S. Chalk, A.T. Carter and R.W. Hind
Palgrave Macmillan
© B.S. Chalk, A.T. Carter and R.W. Hind 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-0164-4 ISBN 978-0-230-00060-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-00060-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Contents
Preface to the second edition Acknowledgements List of trademarks
ix x xi
Chapter 1
Introduction
1
Computer functionality The von Neumann model A personal computer system Representing memory High- and low-level languages The operating system Networked systems Answers to in text questions Exercises
2 2 3 5 6 7 7 8 8
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Chapter 3 3.1 3.2
Data representation and computer arithmetic
10
Bits, bytes and words Binary codes Number systems Negative numbers Binary arithmetic Binary coded decimal (BCD) Floating point representation Summary Answers to in text questions Exercises
10 11 12 15 18 20 20 23 24 24
Boolean logic
26
Logic gates Combinational logic circuits
26 28
v
Contents
3.3 3.4 3.5
Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
Chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
vi
Sequential logic circuits Flip-flop circuits Summary Answers to in text questions Exercises
31 35 39 40 41
Central processor unit operation
42
CPU details Processor–Memory interconnection Improving performance The use of microcode Summary Answers to in text questions Exercises
42 43 52 61 64 64 66
The Intel 80x86 family of processors
68
The programmers model Instruction types Addressing modes Ins
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