Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of m
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Concentrations, profiles, emission inventory, and risk assessment of chlorinated benzenes in bottom ash and fly ash of municipal and medical waste incinerators in northern Vietnam Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen 1 & Anh Quoc Hoang 2,3 & Vinh Dinh Nguyen 1 & Hue Thi Nguyen 4,5 & Tu Van Vu 4 & Xuan Truong Vuong 1 & Minh Binh Tu 2 Received: 23 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Concentrations and congener profiles of seven di- to hexachlorinated benzenes (CBzs) were characterized in bottom ash and fly ash samples collected simultaneously from one medical waste incinerator (MEWI) and one municipal waste incinerator (MUWI) in northern Vietnam. Total concentrations of seven CBzs in the fly ash samples ranged from 6.98 to 34.4 (median 19.1) ng g−1 in the MEWI, and ranged from 59.1 to 391 (median 197) ng g−1 in the MUWI. Concentrations of CBzs in the bottom ash samples of the MEWI (median 1.95; range 1.53–5.98 ng g−1) were also lower than those measured in the MUWI samples (median 17.4; range 14.5–42.6 ng g−1). Levels of CBzs in the fly ash samples were significantly higher than concentrations measured in the bottom ash samples, partially indicating the low-temperature catalytic formation of these pollutants in post-combustion zone. In general, higher chlorinated congeners (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene) were more abundant than lower chlorinated compounds. However, compositional profiles of CBzs were different between the ash types and incinerators and even between the same sample types of different sampling days, suggesting that the formation of CBzs in these incinerators is complicated and influenced by many factors. Emission factors and annual emission amounts of CBzs were estimated for the two incinerators by using actually measured data of CBz concentrations in the ash. Daily intake doses and cancer risks of ash-bound CBzs estimated for workers in the two incinerators were generally lower than critical values, but cancer risks caused by other relevant pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin-related compounds) were not considered. Keywords Chlorinated benzenes . Fly ash . Bottom ash . Waste incinerator . Vietnam
Introduction In recent years in Vietnam, total amounts of solid wastes (including municipal, medical, and industrial wastes) have increased rapidly (e.g., doubling in less than 15 years) due to
urbanization–industrialization processes and strong economic and population growth (Van den Berg and Duong 2018). In this developing country, there are still many limitations in waste management operations (i.e., collection, treatment, and disposal), which are mainly attributed to inadequate funding,
Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel * Thu Thuy Thi Nguyen [email protected] * Minh Binh Tu [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City 24000, Vietnam
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Faculty
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