Concerns About Nanoparticle Hazard to Human Health and Environment
The number of nanosized products has increased substantially during the last decade. A significant part of these products was developed for human health and fitness. Other nanoproducts belong to areas of automotive, food and beverage, cross-cutting, home
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Concerns About Nanoparticle Hazard to Human Health and Environment Mohamed H. Lahiani and Mariya V. Khodakovskaya
Abstract The number of nanosized products has increased substantially during the last decade. A significant part of these products was developed for human health and fitness. Other nanoproducts belong to areas of automotive, food and beverage, cross-cutting, home and garden, electronics, computers, and appliances. Each year, concern over the exhaustive fate and behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. To date, little is known about the safety of using and introducing NPs into the environment. Researchers have tackled this problem by focusing on the interactions of NPs with plants, animals, and human, by studying their behavior in aquatic, soil, and air systems. With the rapid advance of nanotechnology in different fields, regulation measures of the NPs face many challenges in front of contradictory reports and the complexity of properties of NPs.
Keywords Nanoparticles Nanotoxicity of nanoparticles Genotoxicity
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Human health Environmental impact
Introduction
The introduction of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological system applications has opened a new field of research named nanoscience. Specific properties of synthesized NPs (usually within the range of protein’s size) played an important role in the development of biotechnological applications such as drug delivery, antigen M.H. Lahiani (&) M.V. Khodakovskaya (&) The University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA e-mail: [email protected] M.V. Khodakovskaya e-mail: [email protected] M.V. Khodakovskaya Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 C. Kole et al. (eds.), Plant Nanotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42154-4_14
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detection, shape recognition, bacterial detection, nucleic acid purification, DNA hybridization detection, and soil decontamination (Chan and Nie 1998; Wang et al. 2002). The fluorescent properties of certain metallic NPs or quantum dots have been used widely for the creation of biomedical sensors, and diagnostic and imaging tools (Chan and Nie 1998; Daniel et al. 2010; Schirhagl et al. 2012). For example, iron oxide NPs were used specifically for the detection of adenovirus-5 and herpes simplex in different cell lysates without the need of extensive sample preparation (Perez et al. 2003). Recently, a successful attempt to synthesize artificial antibodies by the double-imprinting process was done. It was shown that synthesized NPs had a higher selectivity and sensitivity than natural antibodies (Schirhagl et al. 2012). The research group stated that such biomimetic sensors could be useful in the biotechnology of insulin monitoring as well. Besides the use of nanosized particles as biological labels in different biomedical applications, NPs are being tested for other environmental, agricul
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