Conductive Polymers and Plastics
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Conductive Polyn1ers and Plastics Edited by James M. Margolis
Chapman and Hall NEW YORK AND LONDON
First published 1989 by Chapman and Hall 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Published in Great Britain by Chapman and Hall, Ltd. 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE © 1989 by Chapman and Hall Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any way, or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Conductive polymers and plastics handbook. Includes index. 1. Plastics-Electric properties. 2. Organic conductors! I. Margolis, James M. 620.1'92397 88-25816 TPl122.C66 1989 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8202-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0851-5 DOl: 10.1 007/978-1-4613-0851-5 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Conductive polymers and plastics handbook. 1. Conductive polymers I. Margolis, James M. 620.1'9204297
Dedicated to my wife, Rena
Contents Part I
1.
2.
Part II
3.
4.
Polymers Electrically Conductive Polymers John R. Reynolds, Charles K. Baker, Cynthia A. Jolly, Paul A. Poropatic and Jose P. Ruiz lonically Conductive Polymers Anthony J. Polak
Plastics Metallic Plating and Coating on Plastics James M. Margolis Conductive Plastics William M. Wright and George W. Woodham
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Part I
Polymers
Chapter 1
Electrically Conductive Polymers John R. Reynolds, Charles K. Baker, Cynthia A. Jolly, Paul A. Poropatic, and Jose P. Ruiz
Introduction The 1977 report that polyacetylene, 1 a conjugated organic polymer, could attain high levels of electronic conductivity when oxidized by suitable reagents initiated a significant research thrust that has included the participation of chemists, physicists, and material scientists. Over the last decade, literally thousands of technical papers have been published in this field, which has now been expanded to include a multitude of polymer systems. In fact, a book entitled Polyacetylene: Chemistry, Physics and Materials Science has been published detailing significant research effort that has been dedicated to this polymer alone, and a set of handbooks treats the field in more detail. 2 The concept of conductivity and electro activity of conjugated polymers was quickly broadened from polyacetylene to include a number of conjugated hydrocarbon and aromatic heterocyclic polymers, such as poly(pphenylene), 3 poly(p-phenylene vinylene), 4 poly(p-phenylene sulfide),5 polypyrrole,6 and poly thiophene. 7 An all-encompassing list would be quite extensive. In this chapter we address the synthesis and electronic conductivity properties of conjugated organic polymers, using specific examples to illustrate our points. Further, we describe how transition metal ions, with suitably conjugated ligands, can be used to introduce charge carriers into polymers. Lastly, we describe some of the current and potential applications of these materials as they now approach a marketable form.
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Conductive Polymers and Plastics Handbook
Polyacetylene: The
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