Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities
Congenital hand differences (CHD) have been estimated to occur in 10% of children born with congenital abnormalities. CHD can be classified according to their pre-dominant abnormality using the Swanson classification. Failure of differentiation represents
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Contents
6.3 6.4
Central Polydactyly................................................. 109 Mirror-Hand and Mirror-Hand Spectrum............... 109
7 7.1
Overgrowth Conditions ........................................ 109 Nerve Territory Oriented Macrodactyly and Lipomatous Macrodactyly ............................... 109
1
Introduction ...........................................................
92
2
Imaging ...................................................................
92
3
Classification ..........................................................
92
8
Undergrowth Including Hypoplastic Thumb..... 110
4 4.1 4.2
Failure of Formation ............................................ Transverse................................................................ Longitudinal ............................................................
93 93 93
9
Constriction Ring Syndrome ............................... 111
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Failure of Differentiation...................................... 99 Syndactyly ............................................................... 99 Arthrogryposis ......................................................... 99 Camptodactyly......................................................... 99 Clinodactyly ............................................................ 100 Congenital Thumb Flexion Deformities................. 103
10 10.1 10.2 10.3
6 6.1 6.2
Duplication ............................................................. 104 Post-Axial Polydactyly............................................ 104 Pre-Axial Polydactyly ............................................. 108
10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8
Generalized Skeletal Abnormalities.................... Achondroplasia Group ............................................ Short Rib-Polydactyly Group ................................. Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia and Pseudoachondroplasia Group........................... Metaphyseal Disorders............................................ Dysostosis Multiplex Group ................................... Dysplasias with Decreased Bone Density.............. Sclerosing Bone Dysplasias.................................... Increased Limb Length ...........................................
11
Summary ................................................................ 119
112 113 113 114 115 115 117 118 118
References.......................................................................... 119
Abstract E. J. Stenhouse (&) Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Dalnair Street, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK e-mail: [email protected] J. J. R. Kirkpatrick, Consultant Plastic and Hand Surgeon, Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Dalnair Street, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK G. J. Irwin Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Diagnostic Imaging, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Dalnair Street, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, Scotland, UK
Congenital hand differences (CHD) have been estimated to occur in 10% of children born with congenita
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