Congenital Zika Virus Infection: a Review with Emphasis on the Spectrum of Brain Abnormalities
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(2020) 20:49
PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY (WE KAUFMAN, SECTION EDITOR)
Congenital Zika Virus Infection: a Review with Emphasis on the Spectrum of Brain Abnormalities Leão VHP 1 & MM Aragão 1 & RS Pinho 1 & AN Hazin 2 & AR Paciorkowski 3 & AC Penalva de Oliveira 4 & Marcelo Rodrigues Masruha 1,5
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review In 2016, the World Health Organization declared the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern following a cluster of associated neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. Our aim is to review the clinical and neuroimaging findings seen in congenital Zika syndrome. Recent Findings ZIKV injures neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus, a brain region important for learning, memory, cognition, and emotion/stress response. Positron emission tomography has revealed global neuroinflammation in ZIKV infection in animal models. Summary Congenital Zika syndrome is associated with a spectrum of brain abnormalities, including microcephaly, parenchymal calcifications, malformations of cortical development and defective neuronal migration, corpus callosum abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, and brainstem and cerebellar abnormalities. Keywords Zika virus . Zika virus infection . Microcephaly . Neuroimaging
Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family [1]. It was first isolated in 1947 from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda [2]. In 2007, the virus emerged in the Federated States of Micronesia and affected approximately 75% of the population (approximately 5000 infections) within a few months [3]. During the first 60 years of its known This article is part of the Topical Collection on Pediatric Neurology * Marcelo Rodrigues Masruha [email protected]
existence, fewer than 20 human infections were recorded [4]. In November 2016, the transmission of ZIKV spread to over 48 countries [5].
Transmission ZIKV is transmitted primarily by the Aedes mosquito species, especially by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, but can also be transmitted from human to human through blood transfusions, sexual intercourse, and during pregnancy [6]. Vertical transmission occurs presumably through the placenta, although can also occur through breast milk or by a bloodborne route [7]. The risk of developing congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) is increased when the infection occurs in the first trimester [8].
1
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
2
Department of Radiology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil
Definition of Congenital Zika Syndrome
3
Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Biomedical Genetics, and Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
4
Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
5
Instituto de Neurociência do Espírito Santo, Fausto Vincenzo Tancredi Street, 86, Vitória
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