Consonant Change in English Worldwide Synchrony meets Diachrony

Applying insights from variationist linguistics to historical change mechanisms that have affected the consonantal system of English, Daniel Schreier reports findings from a historical corpus-based study on the reduction of particular consonant clusters a

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Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–99009–9 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Also by Daniel Schreier ISOLATION AND LANGUAGE CHANGE: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English TRISTAN DA CUNHA: History, People, Language (co-author)

Consonant Change in English Worldwide Synchrony meets Diachrony Daniel Schreier

© Daniel Schreier 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-9824-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-349-54684-8 DOI 10.1057/9780230513327

ISBN 978-0-230-51332-7 (eBook)

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schreier, Daniel, 1971– Consonant change in English worldwide : synchrony meets diachrony / Daniel Schreier. p. cm. — (Palgrave studies in language history and language change) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-54684-8 1. English language—Consonants. 2. English language—Phonology, Historical. I. Title. II. Series. PE1159.S38 2005 421′.5—dc22 2005047240 10 14

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To Karrie without whom all is nothing

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Contents

List of Tables

ix

List of Figures

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

List of Abbreviations

xv

1 Introduction 1.1 Phonotactic lan