Contribution of calcium in drinking water from a South American country to dietary calcium intake
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RESEARCH NOTE
Contribution of calcium in drinking water from a South American country to dietary calcium intake Gabriela Cormick1,2* , Mercedes Lombarte3, Nicole Minckas1, Andrés Porta4, Alfredo Rigalli3, Jose M. Belizán1, Natalia Matamoros5 and Maela Lupo3
Abstract Objective: To describe the calcium concentration of tap and bottled waters from Argentina and to estimate the contribution of drinking water to calcium recommendations. Results: Calcium concentrations provided by water authorities ranged from 6 to 105 mg/L. The mean calcium level of samples analysed at the Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sanitaria, National University of La Plata was 15.8 (SD ± 13.2) mg/L and at the Bone Biology Laboratory of the National University of Rosario was 13.1 (± 10.0) mg/L. Calcium values of samples from supply systems and private wells was similar. Most bottled waters had calcium levels well below 50 mg/L. The intake of one litre of drinking water from Argentina could represent in average between 1.2 and 8.0% of the calcium daily values for an adult. Keyword: Bottled water, Calcium intake, Drinking water Introduction The amount of calcium in drinking water is variable, it can range from negligible levels to values higher than those contained in several dairy products, this variability depends on the origin, treatment received and distribution system [1, 2]. Data from Canada and the United States of America show that the average calcium concentration in tap water varies between 6.8 to 135 mg/L [3]. Also, a study conducted in Spain registered values of calcium in tap water ranging from 0.5 to more than 200 mg/L [4]. Higher values of 64 to 523 mg/L were published in another study conducted in Algeria [5]. The amount of ionic calcium in commercially bottled water is also variable and levels of calcium can reach more than 400 mg/L [6]. *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Mother and Child Health Research, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Emilio Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Calcium in water is basically found in its ionic form (soluble calcium), which enhances absorption in the gastrointestinal tract [7]. Pooled data from 4 studies shows a mean absorbability ratio for calcium in water and in milk of 1.084 ± 0.043 [2]. With this high bioavailability, water consumption could improve daily calcium intake and contribute to meet daily recommendations [8]. An adequate calcium intake is important for the prevention of hypertension, preeclampsia and for bone health maintenance [9, 10]. It has also been associated with the reduction of renal stones, increased body mass index, insulin resistance and colorectal cancer [11–15]. Calcium intake is inadequate in several regions of the world. In spite of the well-known benefits of calcium intake on the prevention of preeclampsia, pregnant women in LMICs show values well below recommendation [20–23]. In Argentina, the 2005 National
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