Control of Apoptosis by Human Cytomegalovirus
Caspase-dependent apoptosis has an important role in controlling viruses, and as a result, viruses often encode proteins that target this pathway. Caspase-dependent apoptosis can be activated from within the infected cell as an intrinsic response to repli
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Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vMIA Controls Mitochondria-Dependent Death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vICA Controls Caspase-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IE1491aa, IE2579aa, and Akt-Dependent Pro-survival Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UL38 Decreases Intrinsic Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M45 Is a Cell Type-Specific Survival Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m41, Late Infection, and the Golgi Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . β2.7 and Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract Caspase-dependent apoptosis has an important role in controlling viruses, and as a result, viruses often encode proteins that target this pathway. Caspase-dependent apoptosis can be activated from within the infected cell as an intrinsic response to replication-associated stresses or through death-inducing signals produced extrinsically by immune cells. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) encode a mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis, vMIA, and a viral inhibitor of caspase activation, vICA, the functional homologs of Bcl-2 related and c-FLIP proteins, respectively. Evidence from viral mutants deleting either vMIA or vICA suggests that each is necessary and sufficient to promote survival of infected cells undergoing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Additional proteins, including pUL38, IE1491aa, and IE2579aa, can prevent apoptosis induced by various stimuli, while viruses with deletions of UL38, M45, or m41 undergo apoptosis. The viral RNA, β2.7, binds mitochondrial respiratory complex I, maintains ATP production late in infection, and prevents death induced by a mitochondrial poison. Thus, CMV
A.L. McCornick Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322, USA [email protected]
T. E. Shenk and M. F. Stinski (eds.), Human Cytomegalovirus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 325. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008
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alters cell intrinsic defenses employing apoptosis, and multiple viral gene products together control death-inducing stimuli to promote survival.
Introduction Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process that removes cells during development and homeostasis and that can limit viral replication (Roulston et al. 1999). Apoptosis results from
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