Control Theory
How can we get the output of a system to behave in a certain way if we only have direct control on the input? In this chapter we cover error, feedback (negative and positive), and stability. We look at recognizing these concepts in static systems (op-amp)
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Cyber-Physical Systems: A Model-Based Approach
Cyber-Physical Systems: A Model-Based Approach
Walid M. Taha • Abd-Elhamid M. Taha Johan Thunberg
Cyber-Physical Systems: A Model-Based Approach
Walid M. Taha School of Information Technology Halmstad University Halmstad Hallands L¨ an, Sweden
Abd-Elhamid M. Taha Alfaisal University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Johan Thunberg Halmstad University Halmstad Hallands L¨ an, Sweden
ISBN 978-3-030-36070-2 ISBN 978-3-030-36071-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36071-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Image Credit: © N.R. Fuller, National Science Foundation This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To the future
Preface
This book is aimed at anyone who would like to be an inventor or an innovator of cyber-physical systems, that is, machines, manufactured products, methods, or combinations of such things. The goal of such invention or innovation is to fill concrete needs in society. Modern examples of such creations include autonomous and electric vehicles, quadcopters, smartphones, and robots. More than ever before, it is useful to describe such systems as cyber-physical because they combine aspects that have previously been confined within the realm of relatively separate disciplines, and in particular, within computer s
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