Controlled synthesis of dendritic ruthenium nanostructures under microwave irradiation and their catalytic properties fo
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Controlled synthesis of dendritic ruthenium nanostructures under microwave irradiation and their catalytic properties for p‑chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation Leilei Guo1 · Quanxiu Wang3 · Qingqing Shi3 · Ruolin Guan3 · Liping Zhao1 · Hanmin Yang2 Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In this study, the shape-controlled synthesis of ruthenium (Ru) nanostructures was examined using microwave irradiation. Dendritic Ru nanostructures, with an average diameter of about 34.7 nm, were successfully synthesized when ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) was reduced using a reducing agent of benzyl alcohol, in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) under microwave irradiation for 360 s. By examining selected parameters affecting the shape-controlled synthesis of dendritic Ru nanostructures, i.e., the concentration of the RuCl3 precursor, different reducing agents, molecular weight of PVP and the molar ratio of R uCl3/PVP, were identified as key factors affecting the successful synthesis of dendritic Ru nanostructures. The catalytic performance of obtained dendritic Ru nanostructures was evaluated for hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). High selectivity to p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) of about 99.58% was obtained using dendritic Ru nanostructure catalysts at 80 °C under 1 MPa hydrogen pressure, having a 72.81% conversion rate of p-CNB. The selectivity to p-CAN with a dendritic Ru nanostructure catalyst is notably higher than that of conventional 5% ruthenium/carbon catalysts (62.12%). Here in we demonstrate that synthesized dendritic Ru nanostructures present a promising catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of p-CNB, having potential applicability to a wide range of catalytic reactions.
Introduction Due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as excellent catalytic performance, high-efficiency conductivity, optical sensing functions and biological capability, noble metal nanostructures have been extensively examined [1–3]. As the majority of properties of these nanostructures are strongly dependent on their particle size, morphology, composition and crystal structure [4], focus has been paid
* Liping Zhao [email protected] * Hanmin Yang [email protected] 1
College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Xinyang Agricultural and Forestry University, Henan 464000, China
2
College of Chemistry and Material Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
3
College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
to the design of noble metal nanostructures with a uniform size and well-defined shape to maximize their capabilities. Ruthenium (Ru), an important member of the platinum group metals, has been identified as a key element with a high level of catalytic importance, having application in fields such as hydrogenation reactions [5], organic compound oxidation [6], ammonia synthesis/decomposition [7], clean fuel [8], wastewater treatment and other industrial reactions [9, 10].
