Convergence or Divergence? Britain and the Continent
Relations with Continental Europe have been a central issue in British history. Several crucial questions can be identified: first, how similar or dissimilar was Britain, to other European countries in respect of its economy and political culture?; second
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Convergence or Divergence? Britain and the Continent Jeremy Black
Reader in History University of Durham
M
MACMILLAN
© Jeremy Black 1994
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitted limiting copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1994 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LID Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-60859-3 ISBN 978-1-349-23345-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23345-8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
For Dan and Stella Hollis
Contents List of Maps
viii
Preface
ix
List of Abbreviations
xi
1
Introduction
1
2
Rome and the Anglo-Saxons
6
3
Norman Conquest and Medieval Empires, 1066-1485
4
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
100
5
1714-1815
143
6
1815-1914
174
7
1914-
213
8
Conclusions
261
Notes
271
Bibliography
307
Index
309
vii
43
List of Maps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Britain and Western Europe,400 Britain and Western Europe, 814 Britain and Western Europe, 1000 Britain and Western Europe, 1030 Britain and Western Europe, 1100 Britain and Western Europe, 1189 Britain and Western Europe, 1360 Britain and Western Europe, 1550 Britain and Western Europe, 1721 Britain and Western Europe, 1812 Britain and Western Europe, 1815 Britain and Western Europe, 1914 Britain and Western Europe, 1958-
viii
10 21 31 35 48 73 83 110 148 172 189 206 239
Preface The relations between Britain and the Continent have been central to my work, linking publications on such diverse topics as international relations, tourism and the press perception of foreign countries. My teaching of and writing on British history have constantly been illuminated by a European perspective. Most of my work has been devoted to the period 1688-1793 and this book represents an attempt to provide a longer perspective to the question of relations which I believe to be crucial to an understanding of British history. In the course of this study I have accumulated a number of debts. I would like to thank the British Academy and the Staff Travel and Research Fund of Durham University for supporting my research. I have benefited from the comments of Simon Adams, Walter Arnstein, Benjamin Arnold, Stuart Ball, Ross Balzaretti, Eugenio Biagini, John Blair, George Boyce, P. J. Casey, Jonathan Clark, John Derry, Bill Dohar, Susan Doran, David Eastwood, Barbara English, Alan Ford, Gerald Harriss, Margaret Harvey, Paul Harvey, Colin Haydon, Nicholas Henshall, David Hey, Ralph Houlbrooke, Norma
