Coopetition with Frenemies: Towards Modeling of Simultaneous Cooperation and Competition Among Enterprises
Enterprise modeling frameworks are concerned with the representation of social phenomena and researchers have proposed a number of notations and techniques for depicting social behaviors. However, coopetition, which is a specific type of social interactio
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1 Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada [email protected], [email protected] Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Abstract. Enterprise modeling frameworks are concerned with the representation of social phenomena and researchers have proposed a number of notations and techniques for depicting social behaviors. However, coopetition, which is a specific type of social interaction, has not been explored in the enterprise modeling literature. Coopetition, which refers to simultaneous cooperation and competition, has been studied extensively in the social sciences where conceptual theorizing and empirical fieldwork have established it as a prominent field of research. It is regularly observed in dealings between many kinds of enterprises, such as businesses and governments, where it has been analyzed at both inter- as well as intra-organizational levels. Coopetition is especially relevant for enterprise modeling because goal alignment/convergence can yield cooperation among actors while goal conflict/divergence can lead to competition among actors. In this paper we (a) present an overview of academic research into coopetition, (b) discuss the requirements for representing coopetition, and (c) propose future work that will be relevant for the modeling and analysis of cooperation, competition, and coopetition between enterprises. Keywords: Enterprise modeling
Coopetition Strategy Design Review
1 Introduction A number of researchers have proposed modeling notations and techniques for expressing and evaluating organizational strategy [1, 2] and a variety of modeling approaches have been developed to describe different aspects of enterprises (e.g., goal, actor, value, process, etc.) [3]. Additionally, requirements engineering (RE) researchers have applied many goal- and actor-oriented approaches to model and analyze business strategy [4, 5]. However, none of these approaches have focused directly on this phenomenon of simultaneous cooperation and competition. This is a gap in the RE literature because strategic coopetition impacts many entities (such as actors, goals, tasks, resources, boundaries, value, etc.) that are relevant for these approaches. Coopetition, which refers to simultaneous cooperation and competition, has become “increasingly popular in recent years” [6] and is “an integral part of many companies’ daily agenda” [7]. While some research papers in the RE literature have discussed competition and cooperation between enterprises [8, 9]—there are many © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016 Published by Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. All Rights Reserved J. Horkoff et al. (Eds.): PoEM 2016, LNBIP 267, pp. 164–178, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48393-1_12
Coopetition with Frenemies: Towards Modeling of Simultaneous Cooperation
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characteristics of these strategic behaviors that are unexplored in the Enterprise Modeling (EM) literature. It can be argued that these gaps “make it difficult
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