Copper and copper alloy viscosity
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24-
fFI = 0 2 E =0.3
VISCOUS FLOW
dimensionless dimensionless
positional coordinate, t i m e , r~,,C.z~ c o 2
dimensionless
modulus L
Z/L
• [22 - 1)Rrt,o~
20
1280~
P c / P~ 9
16
7
1. H.Y. Sohn and J. Szekely: Chem. Eng. Sci., 1973, vol. 28, p. 1783. 2. Y. K. Ran: Chem. Eng. Sci., 1974, vol. 29, p. 1435. 3. P. C. Carman: Flow of Gases through PorousMedia, 182 pp., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1956. 4. I. J. Lin and Y. K. Rao: lnst. MiningMet. Tranz Sect. C, 1975, vol. 84, p.C 76. 5. Y.K. Rao and Y. K. Chuang: Chem. Eng. Scs 1974, vol. 29, p. 1933.
IZ 8
\\\\\\
0
'
--~- .... 0.2
'
i 04
i O-
i 0,6
~
O.18
i
1.0
Fig. 3--The effect of viscous flow on T - q p r 0 file in a Fe203 + 3C sample.
56
32
VISCOUS FLOW~ fR = 0 . 6
Copper and Copper Alloy Viscosity
za
24 )20
........
~
E = O.5~1310~
C. O. RUUD, D. CHANDRA, AND M. T. HEPWORTH
18
"-.
. . . . . .
E = 0.5;
"~\
8
~ .........
\\ ~x~x
\N
4
0
'
0.2
'
0.4'
~
0[6
. . .0.8.
1.0
Fig. 4--The effect of viscous flow on 3,- (7 profile in a Fe203 + 3C sample.
J K
f l u x of g a s e o u s s p e c i e s , t o o l / e r a 2 s equilibrium constant for the system
FexOy/FexOy
-
u/CO+ C02 (= P C O 2/Pco
L thickness of sample, cm P C O , PCO~ partial pressure of C O and C02 gases, arm P(s) total pressure at the exposed face of the
PCO2(S) T t X, y Z 13 'y 6. rl I.t
Pc
/c
J. M. FERNANDEZ,
sample (= 1 arm) partial pressure of C02 near the exposed face of the sample, arm temperature, K time, s stoichiometric coefficients positional coordinate utilization factor /~(s) dimensionless pressure, PCO 2/YCO 2 v o i d f r a c t i o n of t h e s a m p l e v i s c o s i t y of g a s e o u s s p e c i e s , g m / c m s
(I2 + I3K)/(1 + K) m a s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c a r b o n i n t h e m i x ture, gm/cm 3 i n i t i a l m a s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c a r b o n i n t h e mixture, gm/cm 3
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
)
This laboratory has made measurements on the viscosity of liquid copper and copper alloys with pree i s i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m +1 t o 8 p e t . A n o s c i l l a t i n g c u p viscometer similar to the design used by Thresh ~ and described recently 2 was used to obtain these readings. Significant modifications and improvements to previo u s d e s i g n s i n c l u d e d t h e u s e of a v a c u u m s y s t e m t o minimize air damping and oxidation problems, a pressure cup to maintain approximately two atmospheres to contain volatile ailoys and the use of an adjustable inertia system. The graphite viseometer pressure cup and cap were exactly the same as the pyenometer used for density measurements reported previously, ~ except that the viseometer cup had no thermocouple cavity. For viseometry the thermocoupies were located around the cap but not touching, 2 T h e g r a p h i t e c a p of t h e p y e n g m e t e r / v i s c o m e t e r cup was threaded to receive a 3/4 in. (1.905 era) diameter r o d w h i c h s u s p e n d e d t h e c u p f r o m t h e r e s t of t h e r o -
Table I. V
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