Coronavirus: a shift in focus away from IFN response and towards other inflammatory targets
- PDF / 168,880 Bytes
- 2 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 111 Downloads / 174 Views
BITS AND BYTES
Coronavirus: a shift in focus away from IFN response and towards other inflammatory targets Akshaya Thoutam 1 & Mason Breitzig 1 & Richard Lockey 1 & Narasaiah Kolliputi 1,2 Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 19 July 2020 # The International CCN Society 2020
Abstract In the past two decades, two beta-coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have infected approximately 8000 and 2500 across the globe, respectively (de Wit et al. 2016; Amanat and Krammer 2020). The current viral pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has already affected 4.23 M in less than a year. Of greater concern, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, still has a rapidly increasing global burden (Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). To better understand the biology of COVID-19, an initial barrage of studies compared SARS-CoV-2 to other respiratory viruses: MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Influenza A Virus (IAV). These studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals have a consistent chemokine signature comprising cytokines and monocyte-associated chemokines (CCL2 and CCL8). Therefore, it appears that monocyte cytokine production, particularly in those with a diminished innate immunity, is a driving feature of COVID-19 infection. Keywords Interferon regulator factors (IRFs) . SARS-CoV-2 . Tocilizumab
Although still fairly new, COVID-19 has quickly caused a global public health crisis and dominated world news. SARSCoV-2 is particularly devastating in those with compromised immune systems, especially older adults whose immune systems are typically diminished due to age and/or the presence of chronic diseases. The weakened innate immunity of elderly individuals leads them to be one of the subpopulations most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, subsequent development of COVID-19, and a more severe presentation of the disease. The entry mechanisms and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 have been explored and indicate that the virus binds to the ACE2 receptor and initiates fusion between the viral membrane and host cell (Astuti and Ysrafil 2020). Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRFs) detect the foreign viral RNA and oligomerize (Janeway Jr. and Medzhitov 2002). This recognition process,
* Narasaiah Kolliputi [email protected] 1
Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
2
Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
i.e. oligomerization, activates transcriptional factors, such as Interferon Regulator Factors (IRFs) and Nuclear Factor (NF) kB (Hur 2019), responsible for triggering one of two viral immune responses: 1) induction of Type I and III interferons (IFNI and IFN-III) with the upregulation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), or 2) chemokine secretion that recruits subsets of leukocytes
Data Loading...
