Cost Effective 3D Printed Device for Tuberculosis Nanoformulation Manufacturing
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.472
Cost Effective 3D Printed Device for Tuberculosis Nanoformulation Manufacturing
Lorene Chan1, Ai Nguyen1, Anuja Bokare1, Folarin Erogbogbo1,* 1
Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San Jose State University, 1 Washington Square, San Jose CA 95112, U.S.A.
Abstract
A 3D printed device has been developed for cost-effective production of rifampicin loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show considerable potential for research related to the treatment of Tuberculosis. The nanoparticles synthesized by the device possess a core-shell drug-lipid polymer assembly. The synthesis conditions have been optimized with respect to the parameters like flow-rate, size of device, and the concentration of rifampicin and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (in which the drug molecules are incorporated). The nanoparticles synthesized by the 3D printed device yield smaller nanoparticles with narrow size distributions in contrast to traditional sonication method. The device can be operated either by hand or by using syringe pumps. These nanoparticles also show excellent antibacterial activity which typically correlates with a reduction in drug dosing frequency to promote patient adherence to drug regimens.
INTRODUCTION
The menace caused by pathogenic bacteria on human beings through infections is alarming [1,2]. Approximately one-third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in more than eight million new cases and two million deaths annually [3,4]. Although, curative treatments have been available, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of preventable deaths in the world today mainly because of the long and continuous multiple drug dosing [5,6]. Antibiotics for TB have many adverse side effects such as loss of appetite, nausea, and dizziness due to which many of the patients discontinue the treatment which ultimately results into spread of disease, worsening infection, and the disease becoming drug-resistant [7,8]. Hence, researchers and pharmaceutical companies have directed their attention towards nanoparticles which can be used as a drug-delivery carrier [9,10,11]. Nanoparticles used for drug delivery have high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporation, and also a capability of targeted drug-delivery which significantly decrease the side-effects of the drug [12,13,14]. Recently, a new class of therapeutic nano-carriers known as lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles has emerged as a potentially more potent alternative to polymeric nanoparticles [15,16]. Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles are polymeric nanoparticles enveloped by lipid layers which combine the main beneficial characteristics of liposomal drug delivery – cell affinity and cell targeting ability – with those of polymeric nanoparticles – structural integrity, controlled release, and ease of functionalization to achieve high serum stability [17,18,19]. Hence, using lipid-polymer hybrid as a na
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