Cost-effectiveness of adrenaline for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Cost-effectiveness of adrenaline for out-ofhospital cardiac arrest Felix Achana1,2, Stavros Petrou1,2†, Jason Madan1, Kamran Khan1, Chen Ji1, Anower Hossain3, Ranjit Lall1, Anne-Marie Slowther1, Charles D. Deakin4, Tom Quinn5, Jerry P. Nolan1,6, Helen Pocock1,7, Nigel Rees8, Michael Smyth1,9, Simon Gates10, Dale Gardiner11, Gavin D. Perkins1*† , for the PARAMEDIC2 Collaborators
Abstract Background: The ‘Prehospital Assessment of the Role of Adrenaline: Measuring the Effectiveness of Drug Administration In Cardiac Arrest’ (PARAMEDIC2) trial showed that adrenaline improves overall survival, but not neurological outcomes. We sought to determine the within-trial and lifetime health and social care costs and benefits associated with adrenaline, including secondary benefits from organ donation. Methods: We estimated the costs, benefits (quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) associated with adrenaline during the 6-month trial follow-up. Model-based analyses explored how results altered when the time horizon was extended beyond 6 months and the scope extended to include recipients of donated organs. Results: The within-trial (6 months) and lifetime horizon economic evaluations focussed on the trial population produced ICERs of £1,693,003 (€1,946,953) and £81,070 (€93,231) per QALY gained in 2017 prices, respectively, reflecting significantly higher mean costs and only marginally higher mean QALYs in the adrenaline group. The probability that adrenaline is cost-effective was less than 1% across a range of cost-effectiveness thresholds. Combined direct economic effects over the lifetimes of survivors and indirect economic effects in organ recipients produced an ICER of £16,086 (€18,499) per QALY gained for adrenaline with the probability that adrenaline is costeffective increasing to 90% at a £30,000 (€34,500) per QALY cost-effectiveness threshold. Conclusions: Adrenaline was not cost-effective when only directly related costs and consequences are considered. However, incorporating the indirect economic effects associated with transplanted organs substantially alters costeffectiveness, suggesting decision-makers should consider the complexity of direct and indirect economic impacts of adrenaline. Trial registration: ISRCTN73485024. Registered on 13 March 2014. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness of adrenaline, Cardiac arrest, Organ donation, Economics
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Stavros Petrou and Gavin D Perkins are joint senior authors. 1 Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence
