COVID-19: is it just a lung disease? A case-based review
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COVID-19
COVID-19: is it just a lung disease? A case-based review Valerio Spuntarelli 1 P. Martelletti 1
&
M. Luciani 1 & E. Bentivegna 1 & V. Marini 1 & F. Falangone 1 & G. Conforti 1 & E. S. Rachele 1 &
Accepted: 17 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Due to its extreme virulence, COVID-19 virus has rapidly spread, developing a severe pandemic. SARS-COV-2 mostly affected the respiratory tract, causing a severe acute lung failure. Although the infection of airways, COVID-19 can be associated with chronic and systemic damages still not so much known. The purpose of this research is to collect recent evidence in literature about systemic diseases caused by COVID-19. The format of the present article has features of a systematic case-based review (level of evidence), and it is structured as a case series report (patients of our COVID-19 Medicine Ward have been selected as cases). Data for this review have been selected systematically, taking evidence only from indexed journals and databases: PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane systems. Papers chosen included systematic reviews, case series, clinical cases, meta-analysis studies, and RCTs. We start collecting studies since 2003. The main keywords used were “COVID-19” “OR” “SARS” “OR” “SARS – COV 2” “AND” “systemic disease” / “nephropathy” / “cardiac pathology” / “central nervous system.” Clinical cases belong to our COVID-19 Medicine Ward. One of the most severe COVID-19 clinical presentations includes cardiovascular problems, like myocarditis, pericarditis, and acute hearth failure. Cytokine release syndrome caused by COVID19 develops severe acute kidney failure. It is still unknown the way coronavirus damages the liver, brain, and reproductive system. Considering the majority of the new studies about this pathology, it issues that COVID-19 is considered to be a multiorgan disease. Keywords “COVID-19” “OR” “SARS” “OR” “SARS – COV 2” “AND” “systemic disease” . “nephropathy” . “cardiac pathology” . “central nervous system”
Introduction COVID-19 pandemic reached 3.78 million confirmed reported cases worldwide, and it is generally associated to the acronym that precedes its name: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). However, the bottom of the iceberg is being progressively unveiled since it is far more than simply a severe interstitial pneumonia. There is a gap in knowledge of pathophysiological process that allows COVID-19 to be considered a multi-organ disease in all respects.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 Guarantor: Prof. Martelletti Paolo, MD * Valerio Spuntarelli [email protected] 1
Internal Medicine Ward, Sant’Andrea Hospital – La Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome, Italy
We looked for main papers about SARS and COVID-19 as systemic diseases, focusing on cardiovascular, renal, liver, nervous, and reproductive systems.
Cardiovascular System The SARS-COV-2 virus not only causes viral pneumonia; however, it also has major implications for the cardiovascular system, but the extent, severity
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