Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease

Although creatine was discovered already in the 1830s, it is only in recent years that its crucial role for human health and general well-being has been increasingly realized and appreciated. A number of beneficial health effects have been ascribed to ora

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SUBCELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY SERIES EDITOR J. ROBIN HARRIS, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

ASSISTANT EDITORS B.B. BISWAS, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India P. QUINN, King’s College London, London, U.K. Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 31

Intermediate Filaments Edited by Harald Herrmann and J. Robin Harris

Volume 32

alpha-Gal and Anti-Gal: alpha-1,3-Galactosyltransferase, alpha-Gal Epitopes and the Natural Anti-Gal Antibody Edited by Uri Galili and Jos-Luis Avila

Volume 33

Bacterial Invasion into Eukaryotic Cells Tobias A. Oelschlaeger and Jorg Hacker

Volume 34

Fusion of Biological Membranes and Related Problems Edited by Herwig Hilderson and Stefan Fuller

Volume 35

Enzyme-Catalyzed Electron and Radical Transfer Andreas Holzenburg and Nigel S. Scrutton

Volume 36

Phospholipid Metabolism in Apoptosis Edited by Peter J. Quinn and Valerian E. Kagan

Volume 37

Membrane Dynamics and Domains Edited by P.J. Quinn

Volume 38

Alzheimer’s Disease: Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Amyloid beta Edited by R. Harris and F. Fahrenholz

Volume 39

Biology of Inositols and Phosphoinositides Edited by A. Lahiri Majumder and B.B. Biswas

Volume 40

Reviews and Protocols in DT40 Research Edited by Jean-Marie Buerstedde and Shunichi Takeda

Volume 41

Chromatin and Disease Edited by Tapas K. Kundu and Dipak Dasgupta

Volume 42

Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases Edited by Randall E. Harris

Volume 43

Subcellular Proteomics Edited by Eric Bertrand and Michel Faupel

Volume 44

Peroxiredoxin Systems Edited by Leopold Flohé and J. Robin Harris

Volume 45

Calcium Signalling and Disease Edited by Ernesto Carafoli and Marisa Brini

Volume 46

Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease Edited by Gajja S. Salomons and Markus Wyss

Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease Subcellular Biochemistry Volume 46 Edited by

Gajja S. Salomons VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

and

Markus Wyss DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Switzerland

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-6485-2 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6486-9 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD R. BITTMAN, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, USA D. DASGUPTA, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta, India H. ENGELHARDT, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany L. FLOHE, MOLISA GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany H. HERRMANN, German Cancer Research Center, He