Association of Sequence Variants in the CKM (Creatine Kinase, M-Type) Gene with Racing Performance of Homing Pigeons
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Association of Sequence Variants in the CKM (Creatine Kinase, M-Type) Gene with Racing Performance of Homing Pigeons A. Dybusd, *, Yu. H. Yub, W. Proskuraa, R. Lanckrietc, and Ye. H. Chengb aFaculty
of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Szczecin, 71-270 Poland b Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Yilan Country, 26047 Taiwan cPiGen vof, Moen, B-8552 Belgium d Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Szczecin, 70-311 Poland *e-mail: [email protected] Received September 5, 2019; revised October 23, 2019; accepted November 26, 2019
Abstract—The aim of the study was to analyze the associations between SNPs in the creatine kinase gene (CKM) and racing performance of homing pigeons. A 468-base pairs fragment of the CKM gene (a part of exon 11 and 3'UTR) was amplified. Five PCR products were sequenced. Two substitutions in the amplified region were observed (g.588268 T>C and g.588285 T>C). PCR-RFLP method was used to genotype 123 racing pigeons (CKM/Hpy188I and CKM/BsrDI) for the further association analysis. The frequencies of genotypes analyzed were: CKM/Hpy188ICC – 0.008, CKM/Hpy188ICT – 0.057, CKM/Hpy188ITT – 0.935 and CKM/BsrDICC– 0.008, CKM/BsrDICT– 0.016, CKM/BsrDITT– 0.976. The effect of one SNP studied on racing performance of pigeons was statistically significant. The largest difference in ace points (APs) was found for CKM/BsrDI (g.588285 T>C). Individuals with the CC and CT genotypes had lower racing performance than TT ones. The differences between CC and TT pigeons were statistically significant (p = 0.0391). Thus, racing pigeons with the most common genotypes (TT) had better racing performance than individuals with minor allele in genotype. However, the observation of an individual with CC genotype in the CKM/Hpy188I with the highest APs in two seasons studied complicates the final conclusion. Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that two SNPs in the CKM detected in this study were not the major determinant of racing performance in sport pigeons. Keywords: CKM gene, SNP, homing pigeons, racing performance DOI: 10.1134/S1022795420080025
Pigeons are in strong relation with humans. Cavedwelling humans exploited Rock Doves for food at least 67,000 years ago [1]. In the ancient Middle East, doves were kept in pigeon towers for their droppings, a major source of organic fertilizer [2]. People used pigeons to send war messages. The doves’ homing ability opened new possibilities that extend beyond that of a messenger. Use of pigeons for competition and gambling is as old as their exploitation in war [3]. Until now, the most expensive known dove was Armando, a Belgian long-distance champion sold for more than $1.4 million dollars [4]. Creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate between ATP and various phosphagens. Isoenzymes of CK play a significant role in energy transduction in many tissues with large energy demands [5]. In
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