Creating Green Roadways Integrating Cultural, Natural, and Visual Re
Roads and parking lots in the United States cover more ground than the entire state of Georgia. And while proponents of sustainable transit often focus on getting people off the roads, they will remain at the heart of our transportation systems for the fo
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Creating Green Roadways Integrating Cultural, Natural, and Visual Resources into Transportation
James L. Sipes and Matthew L. Sipes
Washington | Covelo | London
© 2013 James L. Sipes and Matthew L. Sipes All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009 ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sipes, James L. Creating green roadways : integrating cultural, natural, and visual resources into transportation / James L. Sipes and Matthew L. Sipes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61091-358-4 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-61091-358-2 (cloth : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-61091-3751 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 1-61091-375-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Roads—Design and construction—Human factors. 2. Context sensitive solutions (Transportation) 3. Highway planning. 4. Ecological landscape design. 5. Traffic safety. I. Sipes, Matthew L. II. Title. TE175.S52 2012 625.7028’6--dc23 2012022226
Printed using Times New Roman Typesetting by Blue Heron Typesetting Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: asphalt, bioswale, bridges, climate change, concrete, construction, context sensitive design, Department of Transportation, highway infrastructure, land use planning, native plants, NEPA, public transportation, right of way, road diet, road ecology, safety standards, scenic byways, smart growth, traffic calming, trails, wildlife habitat
To Granny and special thanks to the Sipes clan for their support and encouragement
contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction Why We Need Green Roadways The Expansion of Our Highway Infrastructure The Problem Green Roadways and Quality of Life Overview of the Book Chapter 2 Transportation Policies Federal Policies and Procedures Federal Acts and Regulations NEPA State and Local Policies and Procedures Chapter 3 Basic Roadway Design Road Types Access Control Types of Transportation Projects Sources of Basic Transportation Standards Impact of Design Speeds and Level of Service on Roadway Design Importance of Safety Design Exceptions Right-of-Way Greening Roadway Components Pedestrian Facilities Art Summary
1 1 3 4 5 7 9 9 10 13 21 23 23 24 26 27 28 30 30 30 32 60 75 77
x contents
Chapter 4 Design and Planning Process for Green Roadways Overview of the Process of Planning and Designing a Green Road Environmental Considerations in Planning Transportation Planning Rethinking Roads: Context-Sensitive Design/Context-Sensitive Solutions Planning to Reduce Risks Associated with Green Roadways Land Use Planning, Smart Growth, Complete Streets, and Transportation Infrastructure Road Diets Transit-Oriented Development and Highway Interchange Transit-Oriented Development Highway Corr
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