Criteria of sinkhole formation in soils from physical models
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Criteria of sinkhole formation in soils from physical models Fuwei Jiang 1,2 Received: 27 May 2018 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study addresses mechanical models of sinkhole formation and their criteria obtained via simulation test. Sinkholes are a common geohazard and are widely distributed throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that sinkhole formation is the result of complex interactions among geological conditions, with one or more factors triggering occurrence of sinkholes. We suggest that the existence of a void caused by soil loss is the premise of this issue. Therefore, we present soil loss is the mechanism of sinkhole formation in soils in this paper. Soil loss is caused by the interaction between groundwater and soils in nature. This interaction includes the groundwater condition and the characteristics of soils. In this study, we considered three types of groundwater conditions and two types of soils to discuss the mechanical model of sinkholes. There are three models of sinkhole formation in soils: the disintegration model in vadose zone, the seepage erosion model in unconfined aquifer, and the hydraulic fissures model in confined aquifer. A disintegration apparatus was designed to simulate the disintegration process and to obtain the criteria parameters of water content. Circular pipe flow equipment was designed to simulate the seepage erosion process to obtain the criteria parameter of groundwater velocity. The mechanical model of sinkholes in the confined aquifer was the hydraulic fissures model. The hydraulic equipment was designed to simulate the hydraulic fissure process to measure the criteria parameter of water pressure. Keywords Sinkhole . Criterion . Disintegration model . Circular pipe flow model . Hydraulic fissure model
Introduction Sinkholes are a common geohazard and are widely distributed throughout the world, particularly in China (Deng and Ju 1994), USA (Steeples et al. 1986; Currens 2012), Spain (Guerrero et al. 2008), Italy (Giulio et al. 2016), Jordan (Closson 2004), Iran (Karimi and Taheri 2010), and Turkey (Adnan 2016; Ekmekci and Yazıcıgil 2016). This geohazard has caused significant economic losses (Waltham 2008) and accidents including personal injury (Boyer 1997). Sinkhole formation is the result of complex interactions between hydrologic, geologic, geomorphologic, anthropogenic, climatic, and other factors (Kleinhans and Van Rooy 2016; Cahalan and Milewski 2018). On the basis of these conditions, one or more triggering factors can contribute to sinkhole
* Fuwei Jiang [email protected] 1
Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou, China
2
Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
collapse. For example, sinkholes in Guangzhou, China, have been induced by drilling in non-indurated sediments overlying unknown caves or open voids (Meng et al. 2012). Sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast have been triggered by the r
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