Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling
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REVIEW PAPER
Critical Review of Diesel Exhaust Exposure Health Impact Research Relevant to Occupational Settings: Are We Controlling the Wrong Pollutants? Katherine R. Landwehr1,2 · Alexander N. Larcombe1,2 · Alison Reid1 · Benjamin J. Mullins1 Received: 17 June 2020 / Revised: 1 October 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Diesel exhaust emissions and exposure of workers in occupational settings are topics which have attracted increased attention after IARC classification as a group 1 carcinogen (IARC. Agents classified by the IARC monographs, Vols. 1–120. International Agency for the Research on Cancer. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018; 2018). There is ongoing debate over appropriate exposure limits for occupationally exposed workers. This review consolidates recent research findings relevant to setting appropriate exposure limits, with a specific focus on newer engine and after-treatment technologies. Appropriate online databases were searched for studies published since 2005 focussing on the health effects of whole diesel exhaust exposure. Engines that used exhaust after-treatment devices including both a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter were classified as new technology engines. All other studies were classified as using older technology engines. Exposure to diesel exhaust from both engine classifications resulted in negative health impacts on the lungs, heart and brain. Study participants with asthma, allergy or respiratory disease were more at risk of negative effects caused by diesel exhaust exposure than healthy subjects. Based on the published literature, an occupational limit of an average diesel exhaust concentration below 50 μg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles, 35 μg/m3 of elemental carbon, is appropriate to limit health effects. To meet this limit, many diesel engines will need to be equipped with after-treatment technology such as a DPF. However, the use of a DPF had little to no impact on measured health effects despite the removal of over 90% by weight of particles. This negates the feasibility of using particle mass-based limits. Keywords Diesel Exhaust Exposure · Occupational Exhaust Exposure · Occupational Exposure Limit · Occupational Diesel Exhaust Limit
Diesel Exhaust Diesel exhaust was classified as a class 2a, probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1989. This classification changed to class 1, definitely carcinogenic to humans in 2012 (IARC 2018) based primarily on a series of studies conducted on 12,315 occupationally exposed hardrock miners. The risk * Katherine R. Landwehr [email protected] 1
School of Public Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
2
was greatest in surface workers with a standard mortality ratio (SMR) of 1.33 (1.06–1.66, 95% C.I.) compared with un
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