Cryptic species of Notophyllum (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae) in Scandinavian waters
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cryptic species of Notophyllum (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae) in Scandinavian waters Arne Nygren & Jenny Eklöf & Fredrik Pleijel
Received: 11 August 2009 / Accepted: 28 October 2009 / Published online: 7 March 2010 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2010
Abstract The phyllodocid polychaete Notophyllum foliosum occurs in two colour morphs in Swedish and Norwegian waters, one palish yellow to grey form with black patches that is restricted to deeper waters and often associated with reefs of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa, and one usually yellow-orange form with black patches and white spots that is usually encountered on more shallow bottoms. We have sampled the two forms from sympatric occurrences in Norway, and the shallow form from the Swedish west coast. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8SrDNAITS2) unequivocally indicate that the two forms represent different species. We apply the name N. foliosum (Sars, 1835) to the ‘shallow form’, and propose N. crypticum n. sp. for the ‘deep form’. A lectotype is fixed for N. foliosum. Keywords New species . Sibling species . Molecular analysis . COI . ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2 . Lectotype
Introduction The ocean has been suggested to be a breeding ground for cryptic speciation (Bickford et al. 2007; Knowlton 1993, A. Nygren (*) : J. Eklöf Systematics and Biodiversity, Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] F. Pleijel Department of Marine Ecology—Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, 45296 Strömstad, Sweden
2000). Discovering and describing this hidden part of biodiversity is one of the major challenges to the taxonomic community in a world facing a biodiversity crisis (Bickford et al. 2007). The present paper is part of a series in which we analyse Scandinavian polychaete species complexes using mitochondrial, nuclear and morphological data in search for cryptic species. We are focusing our research on polychaetes showing some indications of separation, such as differences in colour, behaviour, or distribution at different scales. Here we present the results relating to the phyllodocid polychaete Notophyllum foliosum (Sars, 1835), which has a North-East Atlantic distribution from northern Norway in the north to Sicily in the south (Kato and Pleijel 2002; Pleijel 1993). As taxonomically circumscribed so far, N. foliosum exhibits wide variation in coloration (Pleijel 1993) and has been recorded from depths between 10 and 1280 m (Kato and Pleijel 2002). Specimens from shallow water (less than 100 m depth) tend to be yellow to orange (Fig. 5A–C), while specimens from deeper localities (below 100 m) are palish yellow to greyish (Fig. 6A, B). We refer to these two forms as the ‘shallow form’ and the ‘deep form’. Animals of both forms are more or less speckled with patches of darker pigment on the dorsal cirri. In addition, the shallow form also has small white pa
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