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Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science Third Edition
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Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science
Saul I. Gass • Michael C. Fu Editors
Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science Third Edition A–I
With 231 Figures and 59 Tables
Editors Saul I. Gass Robert H. Smith School of Business University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA Michael C. Fu Robert H. Smith School of Business and Institute for Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
ISBN 978-1-4419-1137-7 ISBN 978-1-4419-1153-7 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4419-1154-4 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1153-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949762 1st and 2nd editions: # Kluwer Academic Publishers 1996, 2001 3rd edition: # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the Editors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Dedication: In Memoriam To the memory of my very dear colleague Saul Irving Gass, an OR pioneer, practitioner, and statesman, and a true scholar and friend. Saul passed away on March 17, 2013, as this edition of the Encyclopedia was going to press.
Preface
The goal of the Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science is to provide deci