Culture Media and Factors Influencing Ochratoxin A Production by Two Species of Penicillium Isolated from Poultry Feeds
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Culture Media and Factors Influencing Ochratoxin A Production by Two Species of Penicillium Isolated from Poultry Feeds V. Koteswara Rao • M. V. Ramana S. Girisham • S. M. Reddy
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Received: 26 April 2012 / Revised: 9 August 2012 / Accepted: 17 October 2012 / Published online: 12 February 2013 Ó The National Academy of Sciences, India 2013
Abstract Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum produced a nephrotoxic metabolite, ochratoxin A (OTA). The OTA production was significantly influenced by media, pH, temperature, microbial nutrients, incubation periods and trace elements by P. verrucosum and P. nordicum were investigated. Among different media tried, Czapek yeast autolysate medium induced maximum amount of OTA production of both the species under study. Yeast extract sucrose, Blakeslee malt extract autolysate and rice flour (food based) medium were next preferred substrates. The pH of 5.5–6.5, temperature 25–30 °C and yeast extract (1 %) was optimum for both mycelial growth and OTA production. The kinetics of OTA production over 1 month incubation period with riveted 12th and 15th day incubation to be optimum for P. verrucosum and P. nordicum respectively. Out of trace elements Zn2?, Mg2? was strongly influence OTA production, but Cu2? and Fe3? reduced the OTA production 30–40 %. The OTA production was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and results are presented in this communication. Keywords Poultry feed P. verrucosum P. nordicum Ochratoxin A HPTLC HPLC Synthetic media Incubation period pH Temperature Microbial nutrients and trace elements
V. Koteswara Rao (&) S. Girisham S. M. Reddy Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] M. V. Ramana Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Introduction Ochratoxin A is a metabolic product of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Penicillium verrucosum is an important ochratoxin A (OTA) producer predominantly responsible for the occurrence of OTA in cereals and cereal products [1]. Most of the human uptake of OTA is caused by cereals and cereal products [2]. Studies have also shown that suboptimal levels may stimulate growth and also mycotoxin production by several spoilage fungi including OTA [3]. The presence of chlorine atom in Ochratoxin A has been considered to be a primary determinant of toxicity of this compound [4]. The carcinogenetic effects of ochratoxin A summarized the reasons for implicating ochratoxin A in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and the associated urinary tract tumors (UTT) [5, 6]. Ochratoxin A is considered to be nephrotoxic, teratogenic, and immuno toxic, and has been classified by the IARC as a Class 2B carcinogen, probable human carcinogen. The toxicological characteristics of OTA observed are acute toxicity; kidney followed by liver is primary target organ. The level of food grains contamination by P. verrucosum may be a good indicator of potential contaminat
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